jfx pCfx

ipCly 30 sflF dOrfn knyzf afey pMjfbI afvfsIaF dI pihlI pIVHI pMjfbI BfÈf nMU hr pwKoN afpxy jIvn df ihwsf bxf ky rwK rhI hY aqy rwKygI.GrF ivc qflmyl vfsqy afpxI bolI dI vwD qoN vwD vrqoN kIqI jFdI hY. afpxy BfeIcfry aqy dunIaF dy msilaF nMU ivcfr aDIn ilafAux leI aqy hr iksm dy aMdrUnI sMcfr vfsqy pMjfbI dI KuwlH ky vrqoN huMdI hY. nqIjy vjoN awj knyzf dy hr ihwsy ivc pMjfbI dy anykF aKbfr, ryzIE aqy tYlIivXn p(r)ogrfm cwl rhy hn - BfvyN AunHF dy imafr ivc kfPI suDfr dI loV hY, jo vwKrf ivÈf hY. ipCly iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn knyzf ivc kfPI vwzI igxqI ivc pMjfbI sfihq dI rcnf hoeI hY. eyQoN dy jIvn nfl sMbMDq kivqf dy Coty rUp bolIaF qoN lY ky nfvl qwk, hr vMngI ivc sfihq ricaf igaf hY aqy ies nMU sFBx vfsqy mYgËIn inkly hn aqy sYNkiVaF dI igxqI ivc ikqfbF p(r)kfÈq hoeIaF hn aqy ho rhIaF hn. knyzf dy kuJ ihwisaF, ijvyN bI sI ivc, bhuq sfry srkfrI aqy gYr srkfrI adfiraF nMU pMjfbIaF nfl qflmyl vfsqy pMjfbI dI ilKqI qOr 'qy aqy bolcfl ivc vrqoN krn leI mMnfieaf hY. bI sI ivc pMjfbI BfÈf nMU skUlF ivc asUln vwzy pwDr Auqy mfnqf imlI hY. vYnkUvr dI pMjfbI mfrikt ivc sVkF dy nF pMjfbI ivc vI ilKy gey hn. ieh isrP kuJ AudfhrnF hn ijnHF dy afDfr Auqy asIN ieh kih skdy hF ik knyzf af ky pMjfbIaF ny afpxI bolI nMU iksy qrHF vI Bulfieaf nhIN hY.

ies leI jdoN asIN knyzf ivc BfÈf dI sMBfl aqy ivkfs dI gwl krdy hF qF asl ivc asIN knyzf ivc jMmx plx vflIaF aglIaF pIVHIaF dy pMjfbI nfl irÈqy bfry gwl kr rhy huMdy hF. sfP ÈbdF ivc knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dy BivwK df mslf muwK qOr Auqy aglIaF pIVHIaF nfl pMjfbI df zUMGf irÈqf joVn nfl sMbMD rwKdf hY. afvfsIaF dy siBafcfr aqy BfÈf sMbMDI Koj dy afDfr Auqy ieh mMinaf jFdf irhf hY ik jy Gwt igxqI siBafcfr aqy BfÈf nMU Xog Auqsfh aqy shfieqf nf imly qF Auh iqMn pIVHIaF ivc vwzy smfj df ihwsf bx jFdy hn.dUjy ÈbdF ivc, byafsrI bolI aqy siBafcfr iqMn pIVHIaF ivc afpxI hoNd gvf idMdy hn. pr afvjfeI aqy sMcfr ivc ho rhIaF nvIaF qknIkI eIjfdF aqy BfÈf aqy siBafcfr sMbMDI nvIaF KojF nUM iDafn ivc rwKidaF ieh ikafs kIqf jf skdf hY ik iqMn pIVHIaF ivc bolI dy Kqm hox vflI hoxI Èfied pMjfbI nfl nf vfpry. hux asIN pMjfbI bolI dy somy pMjfb qoN dUr ho ky vI, dUr nhIN hF. tYlIPon, tYlIivXn, aqy suKfly hvfeI sPr ny sfzI dUrI kfPI hwd qwk Gtf idwqI hY. kMipAUtr dy ivkfs nfl ieh dUrI hor vI qyËI nfl Gwt rhI hY. pr Pyr vI jy asIN knyzf ivc jMm plL rhIaF aglIaF pIVHIaF df pMjfbI bolI nfl koeI nyVlf irÈqf sQfpq krn ivc kfmXfb nf hoey qF qknIkI ivkfs, BfÈf aqy siBafcfr dI nvIN sUJ nfl pYx vfly cMgy asrF qoN koeI bhuqf Pfiedf nhIN AuTfieaf jf skygf.

ieyQy jMmy plLy bwicaF nMU pMjfbI BfÈf dI iswiKaf dyx df kMm muwK qOr 'qy gurdvfiraF vloN hoieaf hY. knyzf dy hr ihwsy ivc ijwQy vI iswKF ny afpxy Dfrimk kyNdr sQfpq kIqy hn AuQy ienHF kyNdrF vwloN bwicaF nMU pMjfbI pVHfAux vwl vI ËrUr kuJ nf kuJ koiÈÈ hoeI hY. ieh gwl afpxy afp ivc hr pwKoN sulfhuxXog hY BfvyN gurdvfiraF vloN pMjfbI dI pVHfeI sMbMDI apxfeI phuMc ivigafnk hox nfloN Dfrimk iËafdf rhI hY.
pMjfbI dI pVHfeI vl ivigafnk lIhF Aupr sfzy vwloN gMBIrqf nfl iDafn nf dyx ipwCy do muwK gwlF hn: iek qF pMjfb aqy pMjfbI BfÈf nfl sMbMDq anykF ieiqhfsk, Dfrimk, rfjnIqk aqy afriQk kfrn hn jo iesdy ivkfs ivc roVf bxdy hn; dUjf afvfs dIaF afpxIaF smwisafvF aqy pirsiQqIaF hn jo pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs ivc shfiek iswD nhIN hoeIaF. sfzy hux qwk ies pfsy vl rvweIey dI jy ghu nfl pVqfl kIqI jfvy qF Aus ivcoN kuJ ies qrHF dy kfrn AuBr ky sfhmxy afAuxgy: a) sfzy pMjfbI nfl irÈqy ivc kuJ axsulJIaF smwisafvF hn; a) sfzI jIvn p(r)iq phuMc loV qoN iËafdf ivhfrk (prYgmYitk) hY; e) asIN bwicaF vfsqy mfq-BfÈf dI iswiKaf dI ËrUrq sMbMDI nvIN Koj aqy dUjIaF BfÈfvF dy lokF vloN huMdIaF koiÈÈF qoN pUrI qrHF vfikP nhIN hF; s) asIN knyzf dy bhusiBafcfrk smfj ivcly afpxy hwkF qoN pUrI qrHF vfikP nhIN hF; h) pMjfbI dy iek aMqrrfÈqrI BfÈf hox dy qwQ qoN asIN ajy loVINdI ÈkqI lYxI afrMB nhIN kIqI, afid. pMjfbI BfÈf vwlF sfzy rvweIey ivcly ieh kfrn BfÈf nMU sFBx aqy iesdf ivkfs krn dIaF koiÈÈF ivc nFh-pwKI asr pfAuNdy hn.

BfvyN ies sMbMDI sfnMU afpxy afp nMU loV qoN vfDU ksUrvfr smJ ky inrfÈ nhIN hoxf cfhIdf pr aslIaq nMU awKoN Auhly krnf vI isafxp nhIN. ies df Ëfhrf qOr 'qy nuksfn ieh hoieaf hY ik ipCly do ZfeI dhfikaF dOrfn eyQy jMmy plLy sfzy bwicaF ivcoN vwzI igxqI pMjfbI BfÈf dI muwZly pwDr dI pVHfeI ilKfeI dy hunr qoN vI korI rhI hY, BfvyN bolx dI pwDr Auqy siQqI eynI AudfsI vflI nhIN. bolcfl dI pwDr Auqy pMjfbI dy kfiem rihx df iek kfrn ieh hY ik ies smyN dOrfn pMjfb qoN lgfqfr nvyN lok eyQy af ky vsdy rhy hn, ijs nfl sfzy eyQy jMmy bwicaF df pMjfb qoN afAux vfly irÈqydfrF aqy skUl ivcly nvyN sihpfTIaF nfl qflmyl vwDdf irhf hY. pMjfbI sMgIq dy ieMglYNz aqy knyzf ivc hoey ivkfs (iesdy imafr dI gwl vwKrI hY) ny vI bwicaF ivc bolI p(r)iq cyqnf aqy nyVqf ilaFdI hY. nvyN pMjfbI afvfsIaF dy lgfqfr afAux nfl AuNJ hI pMjfbI BfÈf dI knyzf ivc Aumr inrsMdyh vwD rhI hY. pr eyQy jMm plL rhy sfzy bwicaF nUM pMjfbI dI ivigafnk lIhF 'qy iswiKaf dyx vl koeI eynI vwzI guxfqmk (kuJ hwd qwk bI sI dI siQqI nUM Cwz ky) qbdIlI nhIN afeI idsdI.

ies leI sfzy vfsqy ieh ËrUrI ho jFdf hY ik asIN knyzf ivc aglIaF pIVHIaF nMU pMjfbI dI iswiKaf dyx jF idvfAux vfsqy hor vI gMBIrqf nfl socIey. pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs sMbMDI afpxI smJ aqy phuMc nMU ies mulk dIaF aqy smyN dIaF siQqIaF anusfr nvIaF lIhF Auqy GoKIey. nvIN smJ nMU afDfr bxf ky afpxy afp nMU hflfq dy hfx dy bxfeIey. hQly pypr ivc ies pfsy vwl ieh muwZlI koiÈÈ hY. knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf aqy iesdy BivwK dy msly nMU hyT ilKy ihwisaF ivc rwK ky ivcfiraf jf skdf hY:

1 knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf nMU sFBx dI loV
2 mOjUdf siQqI
3 kI krn dI loV hY?

1 knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf nMU sFBx dI loV

sB qoN pihlI gwl ijhVI asIN sfry jfxdy hF ik bolI iksy vI siBafcfr df mhwqvpUrn icMn hI nhIN huMdI sgoN Auh mfiDam hMudI hY ijs ny siBafcfr nMU iek pIVHI qoN dUjI qwk lY ky jfxf huMdf hY. asIN afpxy sfihq, gIq-sMgIq, Drm, rsm-irvfj, smfijk-myljol ijhIaF gwlF df jo anMd afpxI bolI ivc mfxdy hF Auh dUjI bolI ivc sMBv nhIN ho skdf. ies krky siBafcfr nMU ies dy afpxy rMgF, mihkF qy suhj suafdF ivc kfiem rwKx vfsqy bolI df kfiem rihxf ËrUrI hY. pMjfbI bolI ibnF pMjfbI siBafcfr df ikafs nhIN kIqf jf skdf. siBafcfr dI rUh nMU aglIaF pIVHIaF qwk phuMcfx vfsqy sfzy bwicaF nMU pMjfbI BfÈf dI jfxkfrI aiq ËrUrI hY.

so afpxy siBafcfrk nËrIey qoN knyzf ivc afpxI BfÈf nMU sFBx dI loV bfry asIN sfry kfPI hwd qwk sfP hF. pr asIN bwicaF dy jF knyzIan smfj dy nËrIey qoN ies bfry Auny sfP nhIN hF. ies sMbMDI keI svfl hn ijnHF bfry sfry lok iewko ijhI sUJ aqy phuMc nhIN rwKdy. Audfhrn vjoN, (a) sfzy eyQy jMm plL rhy bwcy pMjfbI ikAuN pVHn? (a) kI pMjfbI AunHF dI mfq-BfÈf hY? (e) CotI Aumr dy bwcy vfsqy iek qoN vwD bolIaF iswKxf Ausdy ivakqIgwq ivkfs ivc sfDk hY jF bfDk? (s) pMjfbI BfÈf dI jfxkfrI AunHF dy knyzIan jIvn ivc iks iksm df aqy iks qrHF vfDf krygI? jF, pMjfbI BfÈf dI jfxkfrI nMU Auh ikwQy aqy iks qrHF vrqoN ivc ilafAuxgy? (h) kI sfzy bwicaF nMU pMjfbI pVHfAux leI knyzIan smfj dI vI koeI iËMmyvfrI bxdI hY? ieh aqy ies iksm dy hor vI anykF svfl hn ijnHF bfry sfP hox leI aqy sFJI phuMc apxfAux leI gMBIr ivcfr vtFdry dI loV hY. eysy qrHF kuJ svfl pMjfbI BfÈf bfry vI hn ijnHF Aupr ivcfr vtFdrf sfzy leI shfeI ho skdf hY. Audfhrn vjoN, (k) kI aMgRyËI jF hor ËbfnF dy mukfbly pMjfbI pirmitv (pwCVI) BfÈf hY? afid. ienHF kuJ svflF bfry hyTF sMKyp ivc crcf kIqI jfvygI.

(A) sfzy eyQy jMm plL rhy bwcy pMjfbI ikAuN pVHn?
ijs qrHF mfipaF nMU jF pihlI pIVHI nMU ieh loV kudrqI jfpdI hY ik AunHF dy bwcy AunHF dI BfÈf qoN jfxU hox aqy AunHF dy siBafcfr nMU awgy lY ky jfx iesy qrHF bwicaF nMU vI afpxy ipCokV nfl juVn dI kudrqI loV aqy KfihÈ huMdI hY. ieh gwl vwKrI hY ik keI vfrI keI siQqIaF aqy mjbUrIaF aDIn bwcy afpxI mfq-BfÈf aqy siBafcfr qoN bymuwK ho jFdy hn. loV huMdI hY AunHF siQqIaF nMU smJx aqy bdlx dI ijhVIaF bwcy Aupr ies iksm dy asr pfAuNdIaF hn.

ijhVI bolI bolx vflI mF dI kuwKoN jF prvfr ivc bwcf jnm lYNdf hY Auh sB qoN pihlF Auh bolI hI iswKdf hY aqy Auh bolI hI AusdI mfq-BfÈf huMdI hY. jy ieh prvfr iksy aijhy kbIly jF smfj df ihwsf hY jo hor bolIaF bolx vfly kbIilaF jF smfjF dy sMprk ivc nhIN afAuNdf qF Aus bwcy vfsqy Auh bolI hI sB kuJ hovygI. Auh Aus bolI nfl ibnF iksy muÈkl dy afpxf jIvn ibqf skdf hY ijs qrHF Aus dy kbIly dy lok sdIaF qoN krdy afey hox. Aus nMU kdy vI afpxI bolI dy GtIaf, kmËor jF mhwqvhIx hox df aihsfs nhIN hovygf. pr jy AuhI prvfr jF kbIlf iksy aijhy smfj df ihwsf bx jfx ijwQy AunHF dy Gr aMdr bolI jFdI bolI qoN ibnF koeI hor bolI vrqI jFdI hovy aqy jy smyN dIaF afriQk, rfjInqk aqy smfijk hflqF anusfr Gr aMdr vrqI jFdI bolI bfhr vrqI jFdI bolI dy mukfbly Gwt mhwqqf rwKdI hovy; Gr ivclI bolI ivc iswiKaf imlx dI, nOkrI imlx dI aqy smfijk drjf imlx dI koeI afs nf hovy; Aus Gr dy bfkI jIa vI ies hkIkq awgy hiQafr suwt ky afpxI bolI qoN bymuwK ho gey hox, qF Aus bwcy nMU ieh jfnx ivc dyr nhIN lwgygI ik jIvn ivc sPl hox leI AuhnMU ikhVI bolI iswKxI aqy vrqxI cfhIdI hY. AusdI mfq-BfÈf aqy smfj ivc p(r)vfxq BfÈf ivcly AUc-nIc dy irÈqy dI siQqI Aus bwcy nMU afpxI mfq-BfÈf qoN bymuwK hox leI mjbUr kr dyvygI. Aus bwcy dy mn aMdr afpxI mfq-BfÈf vlF mfx df nhIN sgoN hIxqf df aihsfs jfgygf aqy Auh smfj ivc p(r)vfxq aqy sPl hox leI smfj ivc vwzf drjf rwKx vflI BfÈf nfl afpxI pCfx krygf aqy krvfeygf.

ivktorIaf bI sI ivc tI mYknfmI aqy aYc vfeHIt vloN 1985 ivc kIqI geI iek Koj sfzy leI bwicaF nfl vrqdI ies hoxI nMU smJx ivc shfeI ho skdI hY. AunHF ny grytr ivktorIaf dI ieMtr-klcrl aYsosIeyÈn vloN sQfnk iswK tYNpl aqy ihMMdU p(r)IÈd dy sihXog nfl clfey iek p(r)ogrfm sMbMDI ivsQfr ivc iliKaf hY. ies ivc p(r)I-skUl dI Aumr dy bwicaF vfly kuJ pMjfbI prvfr Èfml sn. ies p(r)ogrfm aDIn hr somvfr aqy buwDvfr bfad dupihr do GMitaF df sYÈn iek sQfnk crc ivc lfieaf jFdf sI jo ihMdU p(r)IÈd vloN afpxIaF mIitMgF vfsqy vriqaf jFdf sI. ies ivc pMjfbI bwcy iek p(r)I-skUl aiDafpk aqy pMjfbI bolx vfly ivakqI dI ingrfnI hyT huMdy sn aqy Ausy vyly vwzI Aumr dy pMjfbI vI AuQy iek eI aYs aYl tIcr koloN aMMgRyËI iswKdy. mYknfmI aqy vfeHIt anusfr p(r)I-skUl dy bwicaF vfsqy inÈfnf ieh sI ik aMgRyËI dI muwZlI jfxkfrI dy nfl nfl AunHF dI Gr ivc iswKI pMjfbI vrqx dI Xogqf nMU Auqsfhq aqy prpwk krnf. KojkfrIaF ny not kIqf ik ijhVy bwcy pihlF hI kuJ aMgRyËI jfxdy sn Auh nf qF pMjfbI bolxI cfhuMMdy sn aqy nf hI Auh AuQy hfËr vwzI Aumr dy pMjfbIaF vwloN pyÈ kIqy gIqF jF khfxIaF ivc koeI idlcspI lYNdy sn. Auh bwcy aMgRyËI qoN ibnF bfkI sB kuJ nUM rwd (rIjYkt) krdy sn. ieh AunHF ny pihly p(r)I-skUl ivcoN iswiKaf sI ijwQy duBfÈI/dusiBafcfrI jIvn-jfc nUM vVfvf nhIN sI idwqf jFdf. ieh gwl Kyz dOrfn bwicaF ivckfr hoeI gwlbfq qoN Ëfhr hoeI: do bwcy pMjfbI ivc gwl kr rhy sn. qIjy bwcy ny af ky AunHF nMU aMgRyËI ivc toikaf: "no pMjfbI ien df skUl". ies mOky p(r)I-skUl aiDafpk ny af ky AunHF nfl gwlbfq kIqI aqy AunHF nMU Auqsfhq kIqf ik do ËbfnF bol skxf ikwzI vwzI gwl hY aqy Auh ikMny KuÈiksmq hn ik Auh do ËbfnF bol skdy hn. ies iksm dy lgfqfr imldy hONsly dy nqIjy vjoN AunHF bwicaF ivc pMjfbI bolI aqy siBafcfr p(r)iq nvF Auqsfh pYdf hoieaf aqy nfl hI Auh bwcy aMgRyËI vI Auny hI vDIaf qrIky nfl iswKx lwgy. mYknfmI aqy vfeHIt ny ies Koj rfhIN idKfieaf ik iks qrHF bwicaF nMUM duBfÈI/dusiBafcfrI jIvn-jfc isKfieaf jf skdf hY ijhVf bwcy dy ivakqIgq ivkfs ivc aqy ividaf g(r)ihx krn ivc hF-pwKI BUimkf inBf skdf hY.

bcpn ivc nFh-pwKI siQqIaF df iÈkfr hoey bwicaF dy jIvn ivc kdy nf kdy ieh mOkf ËrUr afAuNdf hY jdoN Auh afpxy ipCokV bfry socdy hn aqy Aus nfl juVnf locdy hn. ies dIaF anykF AudfhrnF sfzy afsy pfsy iKwlrIaF peIaF hn. vwzy pwDr Auqy aPrIkf ivcoN gulfm bxf ky ilaFdy kfly amrIkn lokF dI afpxy ipCokV nfl juVn dI locnf qoN asIN sfry jfxU hF. ies sMdrB ivc mYN afpxf inwjI qjrbf vI quhfzy nfl sFJf kr skdf hF. ipCly ds igafrF sfl qoN mYN XU bI sI ivc pMjfbI pVHf irhf hF. pMjfbI dIaF jmfqF lYx vfly pMjfbI ipCokV dy ividafrQIaF df kihxf hY ik Auh bcpn ivc pMjfbI iswKxI iblkul psMd nhIN sn krdy. Auh smJdy sn ik ieh Kfh mKfh AunHF dy mfipaF vloN AunHF Aupr TosI jf rhI hY. pr XUnIvristI af ky AunHF ny mihsUs kIqf ik afpxy mfipaF nfl aqy siBafcfr nfl nyVqf leI pMjfbI Ëbfn df afAuxf byhwd ËrUrI hY. AunHF nMU ies gwl df pCqfvf hY ik AunHF ny mfipaF dI gwl iDafn nfl ikAuN nf suxI. sfzy leI smJx vflI gwl ieh hY ik pMjfbI BfÈf df kfiem rihxf isrP sfzy nËrIey qoN hI nhIN sfzy bwicaF dy nËrIey qoN vI ËrUrI hY.

(a) kI pMjfbI AunHF dI mfq-BfÈf hY?
ieh svfl kuJ lokF nMU pihlI nËry Èfied kfPI sDfrn aqy PËUl jfpy pr ieh kfPI pycIdf mslf hY. pirBfÈf ieh gwl inrDfrq krdI hY ik asIN ikhVI BfÈf nMU aqy ikAuN afpxI mfq-BfÈf df drjf idMdy hF aqy ikhVI nMU nhIN. AuNJ kihx nMU pMjfb ivc jMimaF pilLaF bfry ieh inrxy nfl ikhf jf skdf hY ik AunHF dI mfq-BfÈf pMjfbI hY pr Pyr vI, ijvyN asIN jfxdy hF, kuJ lok ies gwl qoN munkr huMdy rhy hn. sMsfr p(r)iswD BfÈf ivigafnI tov skUtnfb-kFgfs anusfr mfq-BfÈf dI pirBfÈf leI aksr cfr mUl-qwq vrqy jFdy hn:

mUl-qwq pirBfÈf
muwZ ijhVI Ëbfn(nF) bwcy ny pihlF iswKI hovy
Xogqf ijhVI Ëbfn(nF) ivc bwcf iËafdf Xogqf rwKdf hovy
vrqoN ijhVI Ëbfn(nF) bwcf iËafdf vrqoN ivc ilaf irhf hovy
pCfx
a aMdrUnI ijhVI Ëbfn(nF) nfl bwcf afpxI pCfx krdf hovy
a bfhrI ijhVI Ëbfn(nF) nfl dUjy lok Aus dI pCfx krdy hox

ies afDfr Auqy ieko ivakqI dIaF iek qoN vwD mfq-BfÈfvF ho skdIaF hn; bMdy dI mfq-BfÈf jIvn ivc iek qoN vwD vfr bdl skdI hY; smfj ivc BfÈfvF dI drjfbMdI anusfr mfq-BfÈf dI pirBfÈf nIaq kIqI jf skdI hY.

Audfhrn vjoN, knyzf ivc jMmy sfzy bwcy dI mfq-BfÈf isrP muwZ vfly mUl-qwq anusfr pMjfbI hovygI. bfkI iqMn mUl-qwqF anusfr AusdI mfq-BfÈf aMgRyËI mMnI jfvygI. knyzf ivcly iswiKaf dy ZFcy anusfr Aus bwcy dI Xogqf pMjfbI nfloN aMgRyËI ivc iËafdf hovygI. Auh pMjfbI nfloN aMgRyËI dI vwD vrqoN krygf. bhuqIaF hflqF ivc Auh Kud afpxI pCfx aMgRyËI bolI bolx vfly dy qOr Auqy krygf aqy krvfeygf. dUsry lok vI AusdI pCfx aMgRyËI bolx vfly ivakqI dy qOr Auqy hI krngy. jfxI ik Xogqf, vrqoN aqy pCfx nMU afDfr bxf ky Aus bwcy dI mfq-BfÈf aMgRyËI mMnI jfvygI. knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI aMgRyËI dy mukfbly nIvyN drjy dI siQqI ny Aus bwcy dI mfq-BfÈf pMjfbI qoN aMgRyËI kr idwqI. lwgdf hY ik bhuqy lokF vloN ies vrqfry nMU kudrqI vrqfrf smJ ky prvfn kr ilaf jFdf hY. ies vrqfry ipwCy Cupy ivqkry nMU Gwt hI pCfixaF jFdf hY. skUtnfb-kFgfs Gwt igxqI aqy kmËor BfÈfvF ivruwD ivqkry dI ies sfËÈ nMU nMigaf krdI hY. Ausdf kihxf hY ik mfq-BfÈf dI Xogqf jF vrqoN vrgy mUl-qwqF nfl pirBfÈf krky srdfrI vflIaF BfÈfvF kmËor qy Gwt igxqI BfÈfvF nfl BfÈfeI ivqkrf (ilMgUisËm) krdIaF hn. muwZlI BfÈf qoN ibnF dUjI BfÈf(vF) ivc vwD Xogqf, AusdI vwD vrqoN, Aus nfl afpxI pCfx df muwK kfrn ieh huMdf hY ik bwcy nMU AusdI muwZlI BfÈf iswKx df, aqy Aus nfl juVn df mOkf hI nhIN idwqf igaf huMdf. ividak adfiraF ivc pVHfeI vfsqy mfq-BfÈf dIaF ienHF pirBfÈfvF dI vrqoN sbMDI Aus df ivcfr hY: "ividak adfiraF ivc jdoN iek Gwt igxqI bwcy dI mfq-BfÈf nMU pirBfÈq kIqf jFdf hY qF vrqoN aqy Xogqf nMU pirBfÈf df afDfr bxfAuxf siBafcfrk aqy sMsQfnk BfÈfeI ivqkrf (ieMstIitAUÈnl ilMgUisËm) hY". sfzy vfsqy svfl ieh pYdf huMdf hY ik kI afpxy bwicaF dI mfq-BfÈf dI pirBfÈf inrDfrq krn vfsqy asIN rfxI BfÈf dy pYrokfrF vloN TosI pirBfÈf vrqxI hY jF ies pwK ivc afp soc ky koeI iswtf kwZxf hY. afpxy bwicaF dI mfq-BfÈf dI pirBfÈf afp krn dy aml ivcoN asIN loVINdI sUJ aqy ÈkqI pYdf kr skdy hF jo mfq-BfÈf dy hwk leI jwdo-jihd ivc sfzI shfeI ho skdI hY.

ies sMdrB ivc ieMglYNz dy pMjfbIaF drimafn cwlI bihs qoN jfxU hoxf vI sfzy vfsqy PfiedymMd ho skdf hY. ieMglYNz dy do jfxy pCfxy lyKkF svrn cMdn aqy hrbKÈ mksUdpurI ny ieh ivcfr pyÈ kIqf ik sfnMU mMn lYxf cfhIdf hY ik sfzy bwicaF dI mfq-BfÈf pMjfbI nhIN aMgRyËI hY. svrn cMdn svfl krdf hY: "pMjfbI BfÈf mfipaF dI mF-bolI qF hY pr kI ieh bwicaF dI mF-bolI vI hY?" ies dy jvfb ivc Auh Kud ies iswty qy phuMcdf hY ik ieMglYNz ivc jMmy pMjfbI bwicaF dI mfq-BfÈf aMgRyËI hI khI jf skdI hY. cMdn vFg mksUdpurI dI vI iehy rfie hY. aqy Auh afpxI rfie dy aDfr Auqy ies iswty Auqy phuMcdf hY: "swc ieh hY ik pMjfbI Ëubfn df, sxy hor BfrqI ËubfnF dy iewQy koeI BivwK nhIN. vwD qoN vwD vIh sfl qwk bolcfl dIaF bolIaF dy qOr 'qy ienHF df nfAuN inÈfn imt jfvygf. ieh bolIaF mMdrF msIqF qy gurduafiraF dIaF hwdF qoN bfhr iblkul Kqm ho jfxgIaF."ienHF ivdvfnF vloN pyÈ kIqy ivcfrF nMU hrdyv isMG ZysI aqy drÈn isMG qfqlf vloN Ëordfr ÈbdF ivc rwd kIqf igaf.

svrn cMdn vloN idwqI dlIl ik "AunHF bwicaF df vfh inwky pYmfny Auqy qF pMjfbI smfj nfl pYNdf hY pr vwzy pYmfny Auqy Auh muwK dyÈ aqy iesdI smfijk Dfrf qoN p(r)Bfivq huMdy hn" dy ivroD ivc drÈn isMG qfqlf ilKdf hY: "mF-bolI df sMbMD vwzy smfj nfl nhIN blik inwky smfj nfl hI hY, ijs ivc bwcf afpxy pihly ÈbdF dI sfrxI iswKdf hY aqy BfÈf ivigafnI mfhrF anusfr suqy-iswD hI afpxI mfq-BfÈf dy grfmr inXm Aucfr ky bolx vfly smfj ivc prvyÈ krdf hY. bolI bolx nfl Auh aijhI bolI dIaF Auh sB XukqIaF p(r)fpq kr lYNdf hY ijs nMU Auh iPr cfhMudf hoieaf vI Bulf nhIN skdf. pihly iqMn cfr sflF dI iswKI hoeI bolI hI AusdI mF-bolI khfAux df ruqbf rwKdI hY.' qfqlf vloN idwqI dlIl vjndfr jfpdI hY. ies sMdrB ivc ieh do AudfhrnF dyKIaF jf skdIaF hn.

pihlI Audfhrn: knyzf ivc 40ivaF 50ivaF dOrfn jMm ky jvfn hoey pMjfbIaF ny afpxy bcpn ivc afpxy GrF ivc pMjfbI bolxI iswKI. Aus smyN pMjfbIaF dI igxqI Gwt hox kfrn Gr qoN bfhr ienHF df vfh bhuq Gwt pMjfbIaF nfl ipaf aqy ies qrHF lwgf ik ieh bolI Buwl gey. pr jdoN 60ivaF aqy 70ivaF dOrfn pMjfbIaF dI igxqI vDI qF eyQy jMmy plLy lok hOlI hOlI muV guËfry jogI pMjfbI bolx lwg pey. sfP hY ik jy ienHF ny bcpn ivc pMjfbI nf iswKI huMdI qF kdy vI eynI sOK nfl pMjfbI bolx nf lwgdy. BfvyN ieh ajy vI pMjfbI nfloN vwD aMgRyËI jfxdy, boldy aqy vrqdy hn pr ijwQy qwk mfq-BfÈf df sMbMD hY ienHF dI mfq-BfÈf pMjfbI hI mMnxI pvygI.

dUjI Audfhrn: iek pMjfbI prvfr sMn 1960 dy duafly pMjfb qoN af ky vYnkUvr, ib(r)itÈ kolMbIaf rihx lwgf. Aus prvfr idaF iqMn bwicaF ivcoN doNh df jnm eyQy af kyy hoieaf. Èihr dy ijs ihwsy ivc ieh prvfr rihMdf sI AuQy bhuqy pMjfbI prvfr nhIN sn. ies prvfr dy bwicaF dy dosq gYr-pMjfbI sn aqy afly duafly dy sfry mfhOl ivc aMgRyËI hI BfrU sI. CyqI hI ieh bwcy pMjfbI 'Buwl' gey. ivckfrlf muMzf jo knyzf df jMm plL sI, jdoN qyrHF cOdF sfl df hoieaf qF glq kMpnI ivc pY igaf. skUl ivcoN gYr-hfËr rihx dy nfl nfl Auh inwkIaF motIaF corIaF afid vI krn lwgf. GridaF nMU bVf iPkr lwgf. smwisaf df koeI hwl nhIN sI idsdf. AunHF df ipwCy pMjfb ivc prvfr kfPI vwzf sI. Auh muMzy nMU ipMz Cwz afey qy GridaF nMU hdfieq kr afey ik ies nMU iksy pfsy afAux jfx nhIN dyxf aqy Gr dy KyqI dy kMm kfr ivc msrUP rwKxf hY. Cy swq mhIny bfad jdoN Auh muMzf muV ky knyzf afieaf qF ipMz dy muhfvry nfl TyT pMjfbI boldf sI. sfP hY ik jy Aus bwcy ny bcpn ivc pMjfbI nf iswKI huMdI qF eynI CyqI iek vwKrI Ëbfn bolxI nhIN sI iswK skdf. jF ies nMU ies qrHF vI dyiKaf jf skdf hY. jy Aus bwcy dy dosqF ivcoN aMgRyËI prvfr nfl sMbMD rwKx vflf jF cInI prvfr nfl sMbMD rwKx vflf koeI bwcf pMjfb dy ipMz Byj idwqf jFdf qF kI Auh vI Cy swq mhIny dy smyN ivc ipMz dy muhfvry nfl pMjfbI bolxI iswK jFdf? jvfb nFh ivc hovygf. dUjy ÈbdF ivc bwcy dI mfq-BfÈf Auh hI huMdI hY jo Auh afpxy jIvn dy pihly sflF dOrfn iswKdf hY.

sfzy leI ieh bihs byhwd mhwqv rwKdI hY. sfP Ëfhr hY ik jy asIN mfq-BfÈf dI pirBfÈf iek dy QF dUjI lY lYNdy hF qF asIN vI AunHF hI iswitaF Auqy phuMcFgy ijnHF Auqy cMdn aqy mksUdpurI phuMcy. pr ijvyN mYN pihlF skUtnfb-kFgfs dy hvfly nfl ikhf hY ik ienHF pirBfÈfvF dy ipwCy qfkqvr BfÈf dy pYrokfrF dI iek BfÈfeI ivqkry vflI soc kMm krdI hY ijs qoN sfnMU sfvDfn rihxf pvygf. asIN afpxy siBafcfr bfry afm qOr Auqy, aqy Drm bfry Kfs qOr Auqy, iksy dUjy dI ies iksm dI rfie mMnx nMU kdficq iqafr nhIN hF. Pyr sfnMU afpxI BfÈf dy sMbMD ivc vI dUijaF dI rfie ijAuN dI iqAuN nhIN mMn lYxI cfhIdI. myry ivcfr ivc knyzf ivc pMjfbI GrF ivc jnm lYx vfly bwicaF dI mfq-BfÈf pMjfbI hI mMnI jfxI cfhIdI hY. jy asIN ieh mMn lvFgy aqy ies ivc pUrf XkIn krn lwg pvFgy qF afs bxdI hY ik afpxy bwicaF dI pVHfeI sMbMDI hor vI gMBIrqf nfl socxf ÈurU krFgy.

(e) CotI Aumr dy bwcy vfsqy iek qoN vwD BfÈf iswKxf="anmollLipi"(e) CotI Aumr dy bwcy vfsqy iek qoN vwD BfÈf iswKxf Ausdy bOiDk aqy akfdimk ivkfs ivc sfDk hY jF bfDk?

tI mYknfmI aqy aYc vfHeIt dI Koj dy hvfly nfl ieh gwl pihlF kIqI jf cuwkI hY ik bwcy dI afpxI mfq-BfÈf ivc muhfrq AusnMU dUjI BfÈf iswKx ivc shfieqf krdI hY. pr ies msly bfry hor ivsQfr ivc ivcfrnf ËrUrI hY ikAuNik bwcy vloN ÈurU dy sflF dOrfn skUl ivc iek qoN vwD BfÈf iswKx dy svfl Auqy vI ivdvfnF ivc vwKrIaF vwKrIaF rfvF hn.

knyzf dy jfxy pCfxy BfÈf ivigafnI ijMm kimMnË ny ienHF ivcfrF nMU do mfzlF rfhIN pyÈ kIqf hY. pihly mfzl anusfr ieh gwl mMnI jFdI sI ik bwcy ivc BfÈf iswKx dI Xogqf sImq huMdI hY. jdoN Auh iek BfÈf iswKdf hY qF iswty vjoN Auh dUjI ivc kmËor ho jFdf hY. nqIjy vjoN bwcf dovF ivc kmËor ho jFdf hY. ies dy mukfbly jy bwcf iek hI BfÈf iswK irhf hovy qF Auh Aus ivc iËafdf huiÈafr hovygf. ies phuMc nMU Auh bYlYNs iePYkt iQAUrI df nF idMdf hY. Ausdf kihxf hY ik ividak adfiraF vloN ieh phuMc kfPI vjndfr smJI jFdI sI aqy ies nMU rfjnIqk huMgfrf vI pUrf imldf sI:
"jdoN Gwt igxqI bwicaF dIaF ividaf dIaF smwisafvF Aupr bYlYNs iePYkt iQAUrI lfgU kIqI jFdI sI qF ieh kfPI Auicwq jfpdI sI ikAuNik ieh sfbq huMdf sI ik jdoN bwcy dUjI BfÈf (aYl 2) iswKdy sn qF Auh pihlI BfÈf (aYl 1) ivc kmËor ho jFdy sn. ieh gwl iswiKaf ÈfsqrIaF vfsqy vI TIk bihMdI sI ikAuNik ies nfl bwicaF dI dUjI BfÈf (aYl 2) ivc nfkfmXfbI nMU AunHF dI pihlI BfÈf (aYl 1) df ksUr mMn ilaf jFdf sI."

nqIjy vjoN hor mulkF dI qrHF knyzf ivc vI Gwt igxqI bolIaF dI ividaf nMU skUlF ivc mfnqf hI nhIN sI idwqI jFdI sgoN ies nUM hr hIly inrAuqsfh kIqf jFdf sI. pr ijMm kimMnË dUjy mfzl ivc ieh drsfAuNdf hY ik nvIN Koj ny ies iQAUrI nMU rwd kr idwqf hY. dUjy mfzl nMU Auh iQMk tYNk df nF idMdf hY. Aus anusfr nvIN Koj ieh iswty kwZdI hY:

1 Gwt igxqI bwcy dI pihlI BfÈf aYl 1 leI, Gr jF skUl ivc lwgf smF iksy qrHF vI aYl 2 dI pVHfeI ivc rukfvt nhIN bxdf.

2 AunHF Gwt igxqI bwicaF ivcoN ijhVy isrP aYl 2 vfly skUlF ivc pVHfeI ivc kmËor huMdy hn, Gwt igxqI bwcy dI pihlI BfÈf aYl 1 nMU skUl ivc vVfvf dyx nfl bwcy dI aYl 2 dI akfdimk Xogqf ivc vfDf huMdf hY.
3 jdoN donF ËbfnF ivc muhfrq vwDdI rhy qF duBfiÈqf (bfeIlYNguilËm) aqy doNh BfÈf ivc pVHn dI Xogqf (bfeIiltrysI) ivakqI dy bOiDk aqy akfdimk ivkfs leI PfiedymMd sfbq huMdIaF hn.

Aupr idwqy ivcfrF qoN ieh gwl sfP ho jFdI hY ik bwcy nMU Gr aqy skUl ivc do BfÈf iswKx ivc nf qF koeI muÈkl afAuNdI hY qy nf hI ieh iksy qrHF Ausdy ivkfs ivc roVf atkfAuNdI hY. sgoN ies dy Ault ieh Ausdy bOiDk aqy akfdimk ivkfs ivc shfiek iswD huMdIaF hn.

(s) pMjfbI BfÈf dI jfxkfrI bwicaF dy knyzIan jIvn ivc iks iksm df aqy iks qrHF vfDf krygI? jF
pMjfbI BfÈf dI jfxkfrI nMU Auh ikwQy aqy iks qrHF vrqoN ivc ilafAuxgy?
ieh svfl vI afpxy afp ivc gMBIr ivcfr dI mMg krdy hn. ies sMdrB ivc kuJ gwlF qF sfP hn ijvyN ik: pMjfbI dI jfxkfrI bwicaF nMU AunHF dy ipCokV nMU smJx aqy Aus nfl juVn ivc shfeI hovygI; bwcy afpxy mfipaF aqy irÈqydfrF nfl hor nyVqf vflf nfqf kfiem krn Xog hoxgy; Auh pMjfbI sfihq, sMgIq, nftk, iPlm afid nMU iËafdf mfx skxgy; iek qoN vwD bolIaF dI Xogqf AunHF nMU isrP iek bolI jfnx vfly ivakqI dy mukfbly ivc byhqr bxfvygI; bwcy df ijwQy svYmfx vDygf AuQy Auh dUjIaF bolIaF aqy siBafcfrF p(r)iq ishqmMd sUJ aqy phuMc apxfeygf, afid.
pr ies sMdrB ivc kuJ gwlF aijhIaF vI hn ijnHF nMU asIN ajy iDafn nfl ivcfiraf nhIN. ipCly kuJ virHaF dOrfn vYnkUvr dy afs pfs skUlF ivc nvIN BfÈf nIqI lwgU krvfAux leI kIqIaF koiÈÈF dOrfn sfnMU pMjfbI mfipaF dy ivcfr jfnx df mOkf imilaf. Audfhrn vjoN, sfnMU ies gwl df pqf lwgf ik bhuq sfry pMjfbI mfipaF nMU jy skUl ivc pMjfbI jF PrFsIsI ivcoN iek dI cox krnI pvy qF Auh PrFsIsI nUM qrjIh dyxgy. Auh suqy-iswD hI ieh socdy hn ik PrFsIsI knyzf dI dUjI afPIÈl BfÈf hY aqy ies dI jfxkfrI nfl sfzy bwicaF leI nOkrI dy mOky vwD jfxgy. pr ies sMbMD ivc sfzI Koj vwKry iswty kwZdI hY. Audfhrn vjoN, srI bI sI ivc rihx vfly pMjfbI bwcy vfsqy nOkrI ivc pMjfbI dI jfxkfrI nfl iËafdf mOky bxdy hn. PrFsIsI dI jfxkfrI bhuqIaF PYzrl nOkrIaF ivc kMm afvygI. ieh nOkrIaF vfsqy XUnIvristI dI izgrI dI ËrUrq vI pvygI. XUnIvristI jfx vflf bwcf dUijaF iviÈaF dy nfl PrFsIsI vI iswK skdf hY, jy Ausdf ruJfn iksy PYzrl srkfr dI nOkrI vwl hovy. sfzy leI dyKx vflI gwl (BfvyN mfpy vfsqy ieh mMnxI aOKI hY) ieh hY ik nf qF hr bwcf XUnIvristI jfvygf aqy nf hI XUnIvristI gey hr bwcy nMU PYzrl srkfr dI nOkrI imlygI. dUjy pfsy pMjfbI dI jfxkfrI Aus vfsqy srI ivc hI hfeI skUl dI ividaf nfl vI lfhyvMd ho skdI hY. Audfhrn vjoN, kuJ sfl pihlF nOkrIaF aqy BfÈf sMbMDI hoey iek srvy anusfr iekwlI srI ivc do hËfr qoN vwD aijhIaF nOkrIaF dI inÈfndyhI kIqI dwsI geI hY ijnHF nMU p(r)fpq krn vfsqy awCy pwDr dI pMjfbI bolI dI jfxkfrI loVINdI hY. eysy qrHF p(r)OPYsr mYrI aYÈvrQ vloN iqafr kIqy iek cfrt anusfr cflI dy krIb muwK ikwqy hn ijnHF ivc bwcy dI hYrItyj BfÈf nOkrI dy sMbMD ivc shfiek BUimkf inBf skdI hY. so ies nËrIey nfl dyiKaF sfzy bwicaF vfsqy pMjfbI BfÈf dI jfxkfrI afriQk pwKoN vI lfhyvMd ho skdI hY.

(h) kI sfzy bwicaF nMU pMjfbI pVHfAux leI knyzIan smfj dI vI koeI iËMmyvfrI bxdI hY?
asIN hux qwk sucyq jF acyq qOr Auqy afpxy bwicaF nMU pMjfbI BfÈf dI ividaf dyx dI iËMmyvfrI df Bfr bhuqf afpxy hI moiZaF Auqy cuwkI iPrdy rhy hF. sfzy leI ËrUrI hY ik asIN ies iËMmyvfrI nMU muV ivcfrIey. knyzf ny 1971 ivc srkfrI qOr Auqy afpxy afp nMU bhu-siBafcfrk BfeIcfrf mMn ilaf sI. aMgRyËI aqy PrFsIsI siBafcfrF dy nfl nfl afidvfsI aqy dunIaF dy hor dysF qoN eyQy af vsy lokF dy siBafcfrF nMU knyzf dy smfj df ihwsf mMn ilaf igaf aqy AunHF nMU eyQy siqkfr nfl rihx aqy vwDx Puwlx df hwk idwqf igaf. afs qF ieh sI ik bhu-siBafcfrk BfeIcfry nMU hOlI hOlI bhu-BfÈfeI smfj vjoN vI mfnqf imlygI pr aijhf ajy ho nhIN sikaf.

ies ivc koeI Èwk nhIN hY ik knyzf dI bhu-siBafcfrk nIqI afpxy afp ivc iek byhwd sulfhuxXog nIqI hY. ieh iesy nIqI df hI nqIjf hY ik knyzf dunIaF Br ivcoN mukfblqn iek vDIaf brfbrqf vflf smfj igixaf jFdf hY. pr ies bhu-siBafcfrk nIqI dIaF afpxIaF hwdF hn. vwKry siBafcfrF leI hor vI hwkF dI aiBlfÈf rwKx vfly lok bhu-siBafcfrk nIqI dI alocnf ivc aksr kihMdy hn ik ieh nIqI gIq nfc (sONg aYNz zFs) qoN awgy nhIN jFdI. sfzy vfsqy vI ËrUrI hY ik asIN ies nIqI dy bfhrI p(r)Bfv qoN hI acMBq nf hoey rhIey sgoN ies nMU alocnfqmk nËrIey nfl GoKIey. BfÈfvF dy sMbMD ivc ijhVI gwl sfhmxy afAuNdI hY Auh hY ik ies nIqI ny aMgRyËI aqy PrFsIsI qoN ibnF dUjIaF BfÈfvF nMU Aunq krn leI bhuqf kuJ nhIN kIqf sgoN bhuq sfry lokF nMU 'sB kuJ TIk Tfk' hox df BulyKf pf ky inhwQy kr idwqf hY. ies nIqI kfrn asIN ihwk Tok ky ieh nhIN kih skdy ik BfÈfvF dy ivkfs vwl iDafn nf dyxf knyzIan smfj df BfÈfeI ivqkrf hY. Audfhrn vjoN, ies dy mukfbly ivc asIN ieMglYNz dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy ivcfr dyK skdy hF. ieMglYNz dy bhuq sfry lyKkF ny BfÈf sMbMDI ivcfr pyÈ kridaF vfr vfr AuQoN dI srkfr aqy smfj nUM ies pwK ivc ksUrvfr Tihrfieaf hY aqy nslvfdI, bsqIvfdI afid ivÈyÈxF nfl drsfieaf hY. Audfhrn vjoN, mFgq Bfrdvfj aqy nirMdr isMG df lyK 'brqfnIaF ivc pMjfbI bolI dI sMBfl, smwisafvF qy cuxOqIaF' dyiKaf jf skdf hY. lyKk kihMdy hn: "Gwt igxqI bolIaF aqy siBafcfrF dI hoNd nMU jo dyÈ ivc Kqrf bixaF hoieaf hY Ausdy vwK vwK pihlUaF nUM asIN duÈmx, swp, awg, bImfrI nF dy cfr isrlyKF aDIn smJx df Xqn krFgy". awgy jf ky "duÈmx' dy isrlyK Qwly Auh ilKdy hn:
brqfnvI sfmrfj Kqm hox nfl sfmrfjI mfniskqf aqy soc nhIN mrI. awj vI ies dyÈ dI Èfied 90 p(r)qIÈfq qoN vI vwD vsoN df id(r)V ivÈvfs hY ik brqfnvI siBaqf aqy kdrF kImqF, cmVI df icwtf rMg aqy eIsfeI Drm sB qoN Auqm hn aqy iehnF mfpdMzF nfl hI hr cIË nUM nfipaf jfxf cfhIdf hY. ijhVI vI BfÈf, siBafcfr, kdrF, cmVI df rMg aqy Drm ienHF qoN vwK hn, Auh sB GtIaf hn.
eysy qrHF hI inrMjn isMG nUr df kihxf hY: "awj dy brqfnIaf ivc vI BfÈfeI qy siBafcfrk bsqIvfd kfiem hY". ies ivÈy bfry ilKI gurbcn isMG dI do sO sPy dI ikqfb 'lYNgUeyj, rys aYNz aYjUkyÈn' hY jo hor BfÈfvF dy nfl nfl pMjfbI BfÈf dI ieMglYNz ivc siQqI bfry ivcfr pyÈ krdI hY. pI ey isMG GuMmx dI pusqk 'eyÈIan tIcrË ien ibRitÈ skUlË' ivc vI pMjfbI BfÈf bfry crcf kIqI imldI hY. ienHF sfry lyKkF ny bfhroN afey siBafcfrF aqy BfÈfvF ivruwD ieMglYNz ivc pfeI jFdI nPrq df sfP sfP ÈbdF ivc vrnx kIqf hY.
ieMglYNz dy mukfbly asIN knyzf ivc knyzIan srkfr aqy smfj vlF aijhy ivcfr p(r)gtfAux qoN kMnI kqrfAuNdy hF (BfvyN 70ivaF aqy 80ivaF dy ÈurU ivc siQqI ieh nhIN sI). aijhf nhIN hY ik knyzIan smfj ivc ieMglYNz dy icwty smfj vfly ruJfn nhIN hn. pr ieh ruJfn bhu-siBafcfrk nIqI dy ipwCy luk gey hn. ieMglYNz dI Audfhrn dyx qoN ieh mksd vI nhIN ik asIN AuT ky knyzIan smfj nUM gflF kwZxIaF ÈurU kr deIey. pr sfzy vfsqy ËrUrI hY ik asIN bhu-siBafcfrvfd dI aslIaq nMU pCfxIey aqy Aus muqfibk phuMc apxfeIey.
knyzf ivc dUjIaF BfÈfvF nMU brfbr dy hwk idvfAux vfsqy XUrp qoN afey dUjIaF BfÈfvF dy lokF, Kfs kr XukrynIan aqy ietYlIanF vloN lMmy smyN qoN kIqI jwdo-jihd vI ajy koeI KuÈgvfr iswty nhIN kwZ skI. pr AunHF vloN ies pfsy vwl koiÈÈF bMMd nhIN hoeIaF. Auh ies iswty Auqy phuMc cuwky jfpdy hn ik mfq-BfÈf dI iswiKaf dI iËMmyvfrI knyzIan smfj dy isr hY. ies sMbMD ivc romf cumfk-hOrbYÈ df lyK "df XukrynIan lYNgUeyj ien kYnyzf", XukryynIan lokF vloN afpxI mfq-BfÈf nMU sFBx leI kIqI lMmI jwdo-jihd dy vyrvy idMdf hY.knyzf ivc aMgRyËI aqy PrFsIsI ibnF dUjIaF bolIaF nUM ajy qwk pUrI qrHF knyzIan nhIN svIkfr kIqf igaf. ividak adfiraF ivc ienHF bolIaF bfry gwl krn leI kdy 'Pfrn lYNgUeyjË', kdy 'mfzrn lYNgUeyjË', kdy 'ieMtrnYÈnl lYNgueyjË', kdy 'hom lYNgUeyjË', kdy 'mdr tMg' aqy kdy 'hYrItyj lYNgueyjË' dy nF nfl muKfqb kIqf jFdf hY. ienHF nUM ajy knyzIan BfÈfvF nhIN mMinaf jfx lwgf. dUjIaF keI BfÈfvF qF sfzy qoN vI pihlF dIaF ies dyÈ df ihwsf hn. pMjfbI bolI nUM ies dyÈ ivc boilaF jFidaF iek sdI qoN Aupr ho igaf hY. ieh bolI isrP pMjfbI GrF ivc hI nhIN, bhuq sfry sFJy pbilk sQfnF aqy kfrobfrF ivc vrqoN ivc afAuNdI hY. bI sI ivc lwkVI dIaF imwlF aqy PfrmF qoN ibnF hor vI anykF aijhy kfrobfr hn ijwQy ieh bolI vrqI jFdI hY aqy iesdI vrqoN nfl bI sI dI afriQk srgrmI cwldI hY. ieh gwl EntYrIE jF ijwQy vI pMjfbI lok vsdy hn, bfry vI AunI hI shI hY. ieh vI ies bolI dI ies mulk nUM dyx hY. pr ajy qwk bdly ivc ies mulk ny ies nMU afpxy smfj df ihwsf smJxf (Cuwt kuJ hwd qwk bI sI qoN) ÈurU nhIN kIqf.
mfq-BfÈf dI p(r)oVqf krn vfly lokF dy ivcfr ivc: "afpxI mfq-BfÈf dI iswiKaf ivakqI df muwZlf mnuwKI aiDkfr hY, ijs nMU ies qoN awgy jfieË TihrfAux (ilijtmyÈn) dI loV nhIN hY". so iek muwZly mnuwKI aiDkfr dI mMg krnf iksy qrHF vI njfieË nhIN hY. qy muwZly mnuwKI aiDkfrF dI rfKI krnf knyzIan smfj dI hI iËMmyvfrI bxdI hY. pr dUijaF hwkF vFg ieh hwk hfsl krn vfsqy vI cyqn qOr 'qy jwdo-jihd krn dI loV hY. ijvyN ipCly pihry ivc idwqI jfxkfrI qoN Ëfhr hY ieh jwdo-jihd isrP pMjfbI lokF dI afpxI Ëbfn Kfqr hI nhIN, dUjy lok vI afpxIaF BfÈfvF bfry icMqfqur hn, sgoN sfzy nfloN ikqy iËafdf.
pr jy asIN ajy qwk ies pfsy loVINdf iDafn nhIN dy sky qF vI ies ivc idl Cotf krn vflI jF inrfÈ hox vflI vI gwl nhIN hY. BfÈf dy hwkF bfry ies iksm dI cyqnf mukfblqn nvIN hY. ieh gwl idlscpI vflI aqy hONslf dyx vflI vI hY ik skUtnfb-kFgfs aqy ijMm kimMnË vloN sMpfidq pusqk (ijs ivcoN ies lyK ivc keI hvfly idwqy gey hn) df nF AunHF ny 'PrOm Èym tU strwgl' rwiKaf. sfnMU vI afpxI BfÈf dy sMbMD ivc ieh sPr qih krnf pvygf. sfzy vfsqy ieh hor vI muÈkl hY ikAuNik asIN qF afpxI BfÈf sMbMMDI bhuq kuJ gulfmI vflf nfl leI iPrdy hF. asIN (BfrqI) qF keI vfrI lfrz mkfly dy iksy smyN ley supny df sfkfr rUp hI idsdy hF. mkfly ny zyV sO sfl pihlF supnf ilaf sI ik Auh BfrqIaF dI iek aijhI jmfq pYdf krygf, "ijhVI KUn aqy rMg vjoN BfrqI hovygI, pr suafd, rfie, iswiKaf aqy buwDI ivc ieMgilÈ hovygI". so loV hY sfnMU afpxy ipCokV dIaF nFh-pwKI gwlF nMU iqlFjlI dyx dI aqy BfÈf sMbMDI afpxy bxdy hwkF nMU hfsl krn vfsqy dUjy lokF nfl moZf joVn dI.
ies sMdrB ivc XukrynIan, cInI aqy hor BfÈfvF dy lokF df qjrbf sfzy leI lfhyvMd ho skdf hY. knyzf dy qkrIbn hr sUby ivc hI aijhIaF jQybMdIaF hn ijhVIaF hYrItyj BfÈfvF dy hwkF vfsqy jwdo-jihd kr rhIaF hn. ieh jQybMdIaF afm qOr Auqy do iksm dIaF hn. iek qF hr BfÈf dy lokF dIaF afpxIaF aMdrUnI jQybMdIaF hn aqy dUjIaF kuJ sFJIaF jQybMMdIaF hn ijnHF ivc vwKrIaF bolIaF dy lok rlL ky afpxy hwkF vfsqy jwdo-jihd krdy hn. ies pfsy byhwd srgrmI nfl kMm krn vflIaF sFJIaF jQybMMdIaF ivcoN kuJ ieh hn: bI sI ivc bI sI hYrItyj lYNgUeyj aYsosIeyÈn (bI sI aYc aYl ey), albrtf ivc sfAUQ albrtf hYrItyj lYNgUeyj aYsosIeyÈn (aYs ey aYc aYl ey), sYskYcvfn ivc sYskYcvfn afrgynfeIËyÈn Pfr hYrItyj lYNgUeyj (aYs E aYc aYl), mYnItobf ivc mYnItobf aYsosIeyÈn Pfr df promoÈn afP aYNsYstrl lYNgUeyjs (aYm ey pI ey aYl). mYnItobf dI jQybMdI hYrItyj rIvIAU nF df mYgËIn 1985 qoN lgfqfr kwZ rhI hY jo hYrItyj BfÈfvF dy sMbMD ivc sfriQk smwgrI Cfpdf hY. eysy qrHF dUjy sUibaF ivc vI aijhIaF jQybMdIaF hn. knyzIan lYNgueyjË aYsosIeyÈn (sI aYl ey) nYÈnl pwDr dI jQybMdI hY. ieh jQybMdIaF lgfqfrqf nfl afpsI qflmyl vfsqy mIitMgF aqy kFnPrMsF krdIaF hn. Audfhrn vjoN, bI sI aYc aYl ey hr sfl vYnkUvr ivc iek kFnPrMs krdI hY. ipCly kuJ sflF qoN afpxI kimAUintI ivcoN vI kuJ lok ies ivc ihwsf lY rhy hn.
(k) kI aMgRyËI jF hor ËbfnF dy mukfbly pMjfbI iek pwCVI (pirmitv) BfÈf hY?
BfvyN iswDf svfl krn AuprMq koeI vI ieh mMnygf nhIN ik aMgRyËI jF hor ËbfnF dy mukfbly Auqy pMjfbI pwCVI hoeI Ëbfn hY. pr sMBv hY ikqy nf ikqy acyq-mn ivc asIN ieh gwl mMnI bYTy hoeIey. aslIaq ieh hY ik pMjfbI sfihqk Kyqr dy kuJ lokF nMU Cwz ky bhuq Gwt pMjfbI hn ijhVy pUry Brosy nfl pMjfbI dy hwk ivc KVH skx jF jËbfqI pwDr qoN awgy pMjfbI Aupr mfx kr skx. hornF kfrnF dy nfl nfl ieh vI iek kfrn hY ik pMjfb ivc Auc pwDr dI pVHfeI ivc ajy vI pMjfbI dI vrqoN krn qoN guryË kIqf jFdf hY. kuJ smF pihlF pMjfb dI akflI srkfr vloN pihlI jmfq qoN aMgRyËI dI pVHfeI ÈurU krn df PYslf BfvyN ivhfrk (prYgmYitk) soc dy afDfr Auqy kIqf igaf hY pr sMBv hY ik AunHF dy mnF aMdr vI pMjfbI bfry koeI ajyhy ivcfr Cupy hoey hox jF sMBv hY lfrz mkfly df BUq hI Cuipaf hoieaf hovy. akflIaF dI gulfm ËihnIaq df hokf idMdI ies GnOxI hrkq dy ivruwD kuJ lyKkF aqy buwDIjIvIaF ny qF ËrUr afvfË AuTfeI hY pr afm lok aMdroN aMdrI ies dy hwk ivc jfpdy hn. ies kfrvfeI ivruwD afm lokF vloN iksy iksm dy guwsy dI afvfË df nf afAuxf Gwto Gwt iehI Èwk pfAuNdf hY. so ies sMdrB ivc ËrUrI hY ik BfvyN bhuqy lokF nMU ieh gwl vfDU hI jfpy pr myry iKafl ivc sMsfr dIaF BfÈfvF dy afpsI sMbMDF bfry BfÈf ivigafnIaF dI rfie duhrfAuxI eyQy kuQF nhIN hovygI. iek vfr iPr tov skUtnfb-kFgfs anusfr:
BfÈf-ivigafn dy nËrIey qoN iksy smUh dy lokF vloN bolIaF jFdIaF sB boolIaF df ieko ijhf muwl jF kdr huMdI hY. sfrIaF bolIaF qfrikk (lOjIkl), sMigafnk (kOgnItvlI) pwKoN guMJldfr aqy iksy vI iKafl nMU aiBivakq krn Xog huMdIaF hn jy AunHF dy ivkfs vfsqy loVINdy sfDn lfey gey hox (hor gwlF dy nfl nfl nvINaF Èfbidk rcnfvF krn ivc). 'pirmitv lYNgUeyj' nF dI koeI cIË nhIN hY. BfÈf-ivigafn dy afDfr Auqy sfrIaF bolIaF dy ieko ijhy hwk ho skdy hn, AunHF nMU pUrI qrHF iswKx dIaF ieko ijhIaF sMBfvnfvF ho skdIaF hn, bolIaF, iesdI vrqoN krn vfilaF vloN, hr iksm dIaF siQqIaF ivc vrqx aqy ivkfs Xog huMdIaF hn.
knyzf ivc jMm plL rhy pMjfbI bwicaF nMU pMjfbI BfÈf dI iswiKaf dyx dI loV bfry Aupr kIqI geI crcf isrP kuJ hI svflF dy jvfb Bflx df muwZlf Xqn hY. ies pfsy vwl hor iËafdf Koj aqy iDafn dyx dI loV hY. hux agly ihwsy ivc knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI mOjUdf siQqI, Kfs kr ibRitÈ kolMbIaf aMdr pYdf hoeIaF sMBfvnfvF Aupr crcf kIqI jfvygI.
2 mOjUdf siQqI
(lyK df ieh ihwsf myry lyK bI sI dy skUlF ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI pVHfeI Auqy afDfrq hY)
knyzf Br ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI mOjUdf siQqI bfry ivcfr krn leI ËrUrI hY ik vwKry vwKry ielfikaF ivcoN loVINdI jfxkfrI iekwqr kIqI jfvy. mYN smyN aqyy soimaF dI Gwt kfrn aijhf krn df hIaf nhIN kr sikaf. pr ijwQoN qwk myry afpxy sUby, bI sI ivc, pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs df sMbMD hY myry kol loVINdI jfxkfrI hY jo mYN quhfzy nfl sFJI krnI cfhMudf hF. mYN aijhf prBfv qF nhIN dyxf cfhuMdf ik hfQI dI pYV ivc sB dI pYV af jFdI hY, jfxI ik jy asIN ivsQfr ivc bI sI bfry ivcfr kr leIey qF sfnMU knyzf ivc pMjfbI bolI dy ivkfs bfry igafn ho skdf hY. AuNj ies nËrIey dy pwK ivc mYN ieh kih skdf hF ik knyzf Br ivcoN jF AuqrI amrIkf ivcoN hI nhIN, sgoN pMjfb qoN bfhr dy iksy vI ielfky ivc pMjfbI nMUM Aus pwDr dI mfnqf p(r)fpq nhIN hoeI jo ies nMU bI sI ivc hoeI hY. hyTF mYN sMKyp ivc ies mhwqvpUrn p(r)fpqI bfry crcf krFgf.
knyzf dy pfCmI qwt dyy sUby ibRitÈ kolMbIaf df pMjfbIaF vfsqy ivÈyÈ mhwqv hY. ieh Auh sUbf hY ijwQy sO sfl pihlF pMjfbIaF ny af ky vsxf ÈurU kIqf. swTivaF dy aKIr qwk knyzf ivc pMjfbIaF dI vsoN isrP ies hI sUby ivc sI. BfvyN QoVHI igxqI ivc hI shI, ies sUby ivc pMjfbIaF dIaF keI pIVHIaF jMmIaF plLIaF hn. nqIjy vjoN ibRitÈ kolMbIaf ivc vsx vfly pMjfbI Èfied dUijaF sUibaF ivc vsx vfly pMjfbIaF nfloN knyzf nfl iek vwKrI iksm dI sFJ mihsUs krdy hn. awj jdoN ik knyzf dy hornF ÈihrF qy sUibaF ivc vI pMjfbI vwzI igxqI ivc rih rhy hn, sfzy vfsqy bI sI qy vYnkUvr dI mhwqqf iksy vI qrHF GtI nhIN hY. bI sI ivc aMgRyËI aqy cInI qoN bfad pMjfbI qIjy nMbr qy bolI jfx vflI BfÈf dy qOr Auqy sQfpq ho cuwkI hY. ieh afpxy afp ivc CotI gwl nhIN hY. ies igxqI aqy sO sfl dy ieiqhfs ny pMjfbIaF nMU kuJ hwd qwk afriQk aqy Kfs kr rfjnIqk pwDr Auqy kfmXfb hox ivc shfieqf kIqI hY. sUbfeI srkfr ivc pMjfbIaF dI ipCly keI sflF qoN iËkrXog hoNd hY aqy vwzI pwDr dy srkfrI ahuidaF, minstrIaF aqy pRImIar dI pwdvI qwk pMjfbI afpxI Xogqf df pRmfx dy cuwky hn. bI sI dy rih cuwky pRImIar Aujl dosFJ, minstr moa shoqf aqy hYrI isMG lflI aqy PYzrl pwDr 'qy hrb DflIvfl bI sI dy pMjfbIaF leI hI nhIN sgoN smuwcI knyzIan kimAUintI ivc iËkrXog nF hn.aqy hux bI sI dI srkfr ivc gulËfr cImf smyq keI aYm aYl ey cuxy gey hn jo ies sUby ivc pMjfbIaF dIaF pwkIaF jVHF df sbUq hn. ies siQqI ny pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs vfsqy vI inrsMdyh rfh moklf kIqf hY.
ijwQoN qwk pihlI pIVHI ivc pMjfbI bolI dI vrqoN df sMbMD hY AuQy vYnkUvr jF bI sI dI siQqI trFto jF EntYrIE ivclI pMjfbI kimAUintI nfloN koeI iËafdf vwKrI nhIN hY. sUbfeI srkfr aqy bhuq sfrIaF gYr srkfrI eyjMsIaF vloN pMjfbI kimAUintI nfl qflmyl krn vfsqy pMjfbI bolI dI vrqoN ivc Èfied vYnkUvr aqy bI sI knyzf dy dUjy QfvF nfloN awgy hox. vYnkUvr ivc hux kfPI igxqI lok kcihrIaF, hspqflF, iemIgryÈn aqy vrkrË kMpnsyÈn borz dy dPqrF afid ivc doBfÈIey df kMm krky afpxI roËI kmf rhy hn. iesy qrHF kfPI igxqI ivc lok aMgRyËI qoN pMjfbI anuvfd krky aqy kMipAUtr Auqy pMjfbI tfeIp krky vI kmfeI kr rhy hn. hux kuJ lok skUlF ivc pMMjfbI pVHfAux dy ikwqy ivc nOkrIaF hfsl kr rhy hn. ieh qF kuJ inrol pMjfbI nfl sMbMDq ikwqy hn, ies qoN ibnF anykF srkfrI aqy gYr srkfrI adfry hn ijwQy pMjfbI dI jfxkfrI nOkrI ivc shfeI huMdI hY.
bI sI ivc pMjfbI bolI dI iswiKaf dy sMbMD ivc jo p(r)fpqIaF hoeIaF hn jF ies pfsy jo sMBfvnfvF pYdf hoeIaF hn Auh Èfied dUijaF sUibaF ivc ajy nhIN ho skIaF. ijvyN pihlF vI iËkr kIqf igaf hY ik ies pfsy vwl gurdvfiraF df Xogdfn ivÈyÈ hY. ies dy nfl hI vYnkUvr, srI aqy aYbtsPorz dy ielfikaF ivc Kflsf skUlF df sQfpq hoxf ijwQy pMjfbI BfÈf dI pVHfeI vI krvfeI jFdI hY, afpxy afp ivc slfhux Xog kdm hn. XUnIvristI afP ibRitÈ kolMbIaf ivc 1987 qoN pMjfbI BfÈf dI pVHfeI cwl rhI hY. iewQy pMMjfbI dy iqMn pwDr dy kors pVHfey jFdy hn. ieh klfsF pihlF iswK pMjfbI cyar dy Qwly cwldIaF sn aqy hux 1997 qoN XU bI sI dy eyÈIan stwzIË zIpfrtmYNt vfloN pMjfbI BfÈf dI pVHfeI nMU cyar qoN vwK krky afpxy p(r)ogrfm ivwc Èfml kr ilaf igaf hY ijs nfl pMjfbI dI pVHfeI dy isroN cyar nfl sMbMDq Kqrf tl igaf hY. eysy qrHF vYnkUvr dI sfeImn PryËr XUnIvristI vwloN vI pMjfbI BfÈf dy do kors ÈurU ho cuwky hn. ieh kors BfÈf isKflx dI iek vwKrI ivDI, aYs afeI aYl pI (sYlP ieMstrwkÈnl lYNgueyj p(r)ogrfm) dy aDIn ÈurU kIqy gey hn. ienHF vfsqy XUnIvristI nMU rYgUlr aiDafpk rwKx dI ËrUrq nhIN hY. XUnIvristI df inÈfnf kMipAUtr dI shfieqf nfl pMjfbI dy cfr sflF dy jF cfr pwDrF dy kors pVHfAux df hY. ies mksd leI kimAUintI XUnIvristI nfl myljol rwK rhI hY aqy mfiek shfieqf vI kr rhI hY. ipCly kuJ smyN qoN vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy kfljF vloN vI pMjfbI pVHfAux dI pyÈkÈ af rhI hY pr kimAUintI vloN ies pfsy loVINdf iDafn nhIN idwqf igaf.
bI sI srkfr dy iswiKaf mihkmy vwloN 1994 ivc afpxI nvIN BfÈf nIqI df aYlfn kIqf igaf. ies nfl pMjfbI BfÈf dI pVHfeI dIaF nvIaF qy iek vwKrI pwDr dIaF sMBfvnfvF pYdf ho geIaF ijnHF df pihlF ikafs vI nhIN sI kIqf jf skdf. bI sI dI ies nvIN BfÈf nIqI anusfr pMjfbI AunHF Cy bolIaF ivcoN iek hY ijhVIaF bI sI dy skUlF ivc dUjIaF bolIaF dy qOr Auqy pVHfeIaF jfxIaF hn. ies mksd leI cuxIaF geIaF dUjIaF ËbfnF hn PrFsIsI, spynI, jrmn, cInI aqy jfpfnI. ies nvIN BfÈf nIqI anusfr bI sI ivc ividaf p(r)fpq kr rhy hr ividafrQI vfsqy gryz 5 qoN lY ky 8 qwk aMgRyËI qoN ibnF iek hor Ëbfn iswKxI ËrUrI hY. ividafrQI ienHF ËbfnF dI ividaf gryz 9 qoN 12 qwk vI cflU rwK skdy hn. Auh ieh ËbfnF gryz 9, 10 jF 11 ivc iek ielYkitv ivÈy dy qOr Auqy vI pVH skdy hn. ijhVy ividafrQI pihlF pMjfbI jfxdy hn Auh ies df krYizt lYx vfsqy cYlMj aYNz iekuvlYNsI dy aDIn kors cYlMj kr skdy hn aqy pMjfbI BfÈf ivc afpxI Xogqf anusfr mfnqf p(r)fpq kr skdy hn. bI sI dy gryz 12 dy sUbfeI iemiqhfnF ivc pMjfbI df gryz 12 df iemiqhfn vI Èfml hY. ieh iemiqhfn ilKx vfly ividafrQIaF dI igxqI BfvyN ajy eynI iËafdf nhIN pr ieh hr sfl vwD rhI hY. XU bI sI vloN pMjfbI BfÈf nMU dUjIaF BfÈfvF dy brfbr mfnqf dy idwqI geI hY. ividafrQIaF nMU XUnIvristI ivc dfKl hox smyN ijs qrHF dUjIaF BfÈfvF jfnx bdly krYizt imldf hY Auh pMjfbI bdly vI imlygf.
bI sI vloN aYlfnI nvIN pfilsI aDIn asUln qOr Auqy pMjfbI nMU dUjIaF bolIaF dy brfbr df drjf dy idwqf igaf hY pr pfilsI nMU lfgU krvfAux ivc kuJ amlI aVcnF hn. eyQoN dy skUlI ividaf ZFcy dy aml anusfr sUby dI srkfr ny nIqI nUM lfgU krn df kMm afpxy hwQ lYx dI QF skUl borzF aqy Aus qoN vI awgy skUlF dy hwQ dy idwqf hY. ieh kihxf Auicq nhIN ik ieh kMm AunHF ny jfx buwJ ky pMjfbI kimAUintI nMUM aOiKaF krn vfsqy kIqf hY. AuNj dyiKaf jfvy qF ieh aml hY bVf iswDf qy sfP. skUl ivc pVHdy bwicaF dy mfpy afpxI loV, ies kys ivc pMjfbI bolI pVHfey jfx dI loV, skUl dy ip(r)MsIpl nMU dwsx. AuhnMU mMnf ky, jfxI ik knivMs krf ky Aus rfhIN skUl borz qwk phuMc krn. bhuqI vfrI jy skUl df/dI ip(r)MsIpl quhfzy nfl sihmq ho jfvy qF awgoN df aml Auh Kud vI kr skdf/skdI hY. ies qoN awgy skUl borz jy quhfzI mMg nfl sihmq ho jfvy qF loVINdI kfrvfeI kr ky quhfzy bwcy dy skUl ivc pMjfbI lfgU kIqI jf skdI hY. pr sfzy vfsqy ieh iswDI sfdI gwl aVcn bx jFdI hY ikAuNik pMjfbI mfipaF ny skUl nfl sMbMDq afpxy bwicaF dIaF loVF nMU ajy cMgI qrHF smJxf ÈurU nhIN kIqf.
ies sMbMD ivc afAuNdI dUjI aVcn ies nIqI ivc PrFsIsI nMU idwqy ivÈyÈ sQfn kfrn pYdf huMdI hY. nvIN pfilsI anusfr siQqI ieh hY ik bI sI dy hr skUl ivc pMjvIN qoN lY ky afTvIN qwk dUjI BfÈf dy qOr 'qy PrFsIsI pVHfeI jfvygI. aqy jy qusIN cfhvo ik quhfzf bwcf pMjvIN qoN lY ky awTvIN qwk pMjfbI pVHy qF Aus skUl ivwc jF qF PrFsIsI dI QF pMjfbI lwgygI qy jF Pyr PrFsIsI vI rhygI aqy Ausdy nfl pMjfbI vI dUjI BfÈf dy qOr 'qy lfeI jfvygI. mslf ieh hY: ikAuNik hr bwcy nMU ienHF jmfqF dOrfn aMgRyËI qoN ielfvf iek hor dUjI BfÈf pVHnI hI pYxI hY ies krky jy iksy skUl ivc isrP pMjfbI hI dUjI BfÈf dy qOr 'qy lfgU kIqI geI hovy qF Aus skUl dy sfry bwcy pMjfbI hI pVHngy. dUijaF bwicaF nMU pMjfbI pVHn vfsqy p(r)yrnf Èfied eynf suKflf jF sMBv nf hovy. so ies krky pMjvIN qoN awTvIN qwk pMjfbI nUM iksy skUl ivc lfgU krvf skxf afpxy afp ivc iek inhfieq hI muÈkl kMm hY. pMjvIN qoN lfgUvIN qwk pMjfbI jmfqF df cflU hoxf ijwQy iek aOKf kMm hY AuQy ies dI mhwqqf vI AunI hI iËafdf hY. gryz nON qoN igafrF qwk ielYkitv kors hox kfrn ijwQy jmfq ÈurU krnI suKflI hY AuQy AunI hI afsfnI nfl ies nMU htfieaf jf skdf hY. brnbI aqy ircmMz ies qrHF ho vI cuwkf hY. pr ies qoN Ault pMjvIN qoN awTvI qwk jy iksy skUl ivc pMjfbI ÈurU ho jFdI hY qF AusnMU htfAuxf eynf suKflf nhIN hovygf.
pMjvIN qoN pMjfbI nMU lfgU krvfAux ivc afAuNdIaF rukfvtF ivc ieh gwl vI vfDf krdI hY ik iek qF PrFsIsI knyzf dI dUjI BfÈf hox kfrn kfPI lokF leI bwicaF nMu pVHfAux vjoN iKwc rwKdI hY. dUjf bI sI dI srkfr nMU PrFsIsI dI pVHfeI bdly kyNdrI srkfr koloN kfPI mfiek shfieqf imldI hY ikAuNik knyzf dy sMivDfn ivc PrFsIsI pVHfey jfx df hwk iliKaf hoieaf hY. nfl hI bI sI ivc PrFsIsI mfpy, BfvyN QoVHI igxqI ivc hn, sB nfloN iËafdf jQybMd hn. eysy qrHF bI sI dy skUlF ivc pVHfAux vfly aiDafpkF ivc PrFsIsI aiDafpkF dI vwzI igxqI hY jo afpxIaF nOkrIaF kfiem rwKx vfsqy PrFsIsI dI pVHfeI ËfrI rwKx leI afpxI pUrI vfh lfAux nUM iqafr hn. dUjy pfsy ieh vI koeI nhIN cfhuMdf ik PrFsIsI bolI dy iKlfP iksy iksm dI pbilk puËIÈn leI jfvy. so sB kuJ iml ky pMjfbI bolI dI pVHfeI lfgU krfAux awgy PrFsIsI iek mslf bx ky AuBrdI hY ijs bfry kimAUintI vwloN koeI aijhf rfh lwBx dI loV hY jo skUlF ivc PrFsIsI dy ivroD ivc vI nf jfvy aqy pMjfbI bolI dI pVHfeI dy rfh ivc koeI muÈkl vI nf bxy.
ienHF muÈklF dy nfl nfl skUl qy skUl borzF vwloN hor vI keI iksm dIaF smwisafvF KVIaF kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn jf kIqIaF jf skdIaF hn. iek mslf nIqI nMU afpxy qrIky nfl ibafn krn df hY. kuJ skUl ieh kih ky gwl tfl dyxI cfhMudy hn ik pfilsI df mqlb hY ik AunHF ividafrQIaF nUM hI nvIN bolI pVHfeI jfxI hY jo pihlF ies qoN Aukf hI vfkP nf hox. aijhI siQqI ivc pMjfbI ipCokV vfly ividafrQI pMjfbI dI pVHfeI qoN vFJy kr idwqy jfxgy aqy sfzy vfsqy sfrf mksd hI Kqm ho ky rih jfvygf. aijhIaF kuJ hor muÈklF vI awgy ilaFdIaF jFdIaF hn ijvyN ik pYsy nhIN hn, aiDafpk nhIN hn, ikqfbF nhIN hn, kmry nhIN hn, ividafrQIaF dI idlcspI nhIN hY, afid.
Aupr ivcfrIaF bhuqIaF muÈiklF dy hwl lwBxy mukfblqn suKfly hn aqy lwBy jf skdy hn bÈrqy ik pMjfbI mfpy afpxy bwicaF nMU pMjfbI pVHfAux vfsqy bijwd hox. pr ijvyN ik asIN jfxdy hF ik aijhf hY nhIN. so sB qoN vwzI muÈkl pMjfbI mfipaF vloN ies ivc idlcspI dI Gft hY. iehI kfrn hY ik bI sI dI nvIN BfÈf nIqI nfl ijs iksm dIaF sMBfvnfvF pYdf hoeIaF sn AunHF qoN ajy qwk loVINdf Pfiedf nhIN ilaf jf sikaf. asIN ieh vI jfxdy hF ik pMjfbI mfipaF ivc idlcspI dI Gft dIaF jVHF sfzy afpxy GrF qoN dUr pqfl ivc hn. ijvyN pihlF vI iËkr kIqf jf cuwkf hY ik ies ipwCy anykF ieiqhfsk, Dfrimk, isafsI qy afriQk kfrn hn ijnHF ny iml ky pMjfbIaF dy mnF ivc AunHF dI afpxI bolI p(r)iq phuMc nMU iek jfnlyvf bImfrI lf idwqI hY ijs df ajy qwk koeI shI ielfj hwQ nhIN afieaf. ies bImfrI qoN asIN BlIBFq jfxU hF ik bhuq pihlF muslmfn pMjfbIaF ny afpxI ÈnfKq df icMn AurdU nMU mMn ilaf, afrIaf smfj dy asr Qwly ihMdU pMjfbIaF ihMdI nUM afpxI ÈnfKq nfl joV ilaf qy ienHF hI lIhF Auqy cwlidaF iswKF ny pMjfbI nMU afpxI ÈnfKq df icMn imwQ ilaf.jfxI ik afpxI mF bolI dI cox Drm dy afDfr qy kIqI geI. pMjfbI bolI dy ienHF pwKF qoN afpF sfry vfikP hF so ies pfsy hor kuJ kihx dI loV nhIN jfpdI.
Aupr ivcfrIaF geIaF muÈklF dy bfvjUd bI sI dy skUlF ivc pMjfbI dI siQqI inrfÈfjnk nhIN khI jf skdI. ipCly do iqMn sflF dOrfn hr vrHy bI sI dy 15 qoN 20 skUlF ivc pMjfbI dIaF 25 qoN Aupr jmfqF cwldIaF rhIaF hn. ienHF jmfqF ivc ividafrQIaF dI igxqI 22 qoN 30 qwk pRiq jmfq hY. bhuqIaF jmfqF gryz 9, 10 aqy 11 dIaF ielYkitv pwDr dIaF hn. pr kuJ skUlF ivc ijvyN mYirt, kUnYl, tYirs, aYbtsPorz aqy vYnkUvr afid ivc gryz 5 qoN 8 qwk pMjfbI dIaF jmfqF vwKry vwKry rUpF ivc ÈurU krn dI koiÈÈ kIqI geI hY. ies gwl dI kfPI sMBfvnf hY ik afAux vfly smyN dOrfn srI ivc vI gryz 5 qoN 8 qwk dIaF jmfqF cflU ho jfx.
ieh sfrIaF jmfqF sUby dy ividak mihkmyy vloN iqafr krvfey krIkulm dy afDfr Auqy rYgUlr skUl dI pVHfeI dy ihwsy vjoN hn. ies nfl ijwQy bwcy afpxI bolI aqy siBafcfr bfry iswKdy hn AuQy skUl ivc dUijaF iviÈaF dy brfbr hox kfrn pMjfbI bolI aqy siBafcfr vwlF iek vwKrI iksm df mfx vI mihsUs krdy hn. ieh gwl afpxy afp ivc ivÈyÈ mhwqqf rwKdI hY.
3 kI krn dI loV hY?
pMjfbI bfry icMqf krn vflf hr ivakqI jfxdf hY ik ies BfÈf df ivkfs Aus gqI nfl nhIN ho irhf ijs dI dunIaF ivcoN qyrvy nMbr Auqy afAux vflI BfÈf qoN afs kIqI jfxI cfhIdI hY. iesdy bfvjUd myrf ivcfr hY ik knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI siQqI eynI inrfÈfjnk nhIN. nvINaF sMBfvnfvF pYdf ho rhIaF hn jo pMjfbI dy ivkfs Kfqr vrqIaF jf skdIaF hn. pr ies qoN pihlF loV hY smuwcI siQqI nMU TIk qrHF smJx dI, sfkfr kIqy jfx Xog inÈfny imwQx dI aqy loVINdI phuMc apnfAux dI. ies msly nMU asIN hyTly iqMn ihwisaF ivc rwK ky ivcfr skdy hF: (a) afpxI sUJ aqy phuMc nMU nvIaF siQqIaF dy hfx df bxfAuxf; (a) nvIN sUJ dy afDfr Auqy jQybMdk ZFcf kfiem krnf; (e) aglI pIVHI nMU jwdo-jihd ivc Èfml krnf.
(a) afpxI sUJ aqy phuMc nMU nvIaF siQqIaF dy hfx df bxfAuxf
knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dy msly bfry buwDIjIvIaF aqy lyKkF ny hux qwk bhuqf iDafn nhIN idwqf. ijwQy ieMglYNz ivc pMjfbI lyKkF aqy aiDafpkF ny ies pfsy vwl kfPI igxqI ivc Koj BrpUr lyK qy ikqfbF ilKIaF hn (drÈn isMG qfqlf vloN sMpfidq pusqk ivc hI aTfeI lyK hn) AuQy knyzf ivc ipCly qIh sflF dOrfn Èfied awDI drjn lyK vI nhIN ilKy gey. knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dy msly nMU Koj BrpUr lyKF df ivÈf bxfAuxf cfhIdf hY. nfl hI sQfnk aKbfrF, ryzIE aqy tI vI Aupr ies msly nMU vwD qoN vwD ivcfiraf aqy prcfiraf jfxf cfhIdf hY. ieh mslf lokF dy roËfnf msilaF df ihwsf bxnf cfhIdf hY.
bI sI ivc pMjfbI BfÈf nMU dunIaF dIaF dUjIaF vwzIaF BfÈfvF, PrFsIsI, spynI, jrmn, jpfnI, cInI dy brfbr drjf imlx nfl ijhVI iek scfeI sfzy sfiraF dy sfhmxy sfkfr hoeI, Auh hY ik asIN ies mOky dy hfx dy nhIN hF. jfxI ik nf qF sfzy kol aijhy mOky nMU pMjfbI dy ivkfs vfsqy vrqx leI ivigafnk lIhF Auqy socx aqy kMm krn vflI jQybMdk ÈkqI hY aqy nf hI aijhy lok jo pMjfbI BfÈf dy msly nMU ies kdr afpxy jIvn df lkÈ bxf lYx, ijs kdr dUjy lok Drm jF KyzF afid nMU apxf lYNdy hn. pMjfbI BfÈf vwlF bhuqy pMjfbIaF df rvweIaf jËbfqI pwDr df hY aqy ies nfl lgn jF bymuwKqf df afDfr Drm hY. iek BfÈf dy qOr Auqy pMjfbI nMU dyKx sFBx dI loVINdI jfc aqy KfihÈ ajy sfzy kol nhIN hY. sfzy kol BfÈf dy ivÈy ivc Xogqf rwKx vfly buwDIjIvIaF, pyÈfvrF aqy ivÈyÈwgF dI byhwd Gft hY. jo lok ieh Xogqf rwKdy vI hn AunHF nMU pMjfbI vfsqy kMm krn leI shI iksm dI p(r)yrnf aqy mfhOl nhIN imldf. pMjfbI pVHfAux vfsqy knyzIan sMdrB anusfr ZuwkvIN smwgrI nhIN hY. Ëbfn isKflx vflIaF nvINaF ivDIaF nMU jfnx vfly pMjfbI aiDafpk nhIN hn. ies iksm dy anykF hor Kyqr hn ijnHF ivc byhwd Gft mihsUs huMdI hY.
ieh Gft pMjfbI dy sfihqkfr aqy buwDIjIvI pUrI kr skdy hn. mYN ies gwl nfl sihmq hF ik sfihqkfrF koloN aijhy kMm dI mMg nhIN krnI cfhIdI. ieh kMm asl ivc BfÈf pVHfAux vfly pyÈfvr aqy ivÈyÈwg lokF dy krn dy hn. pr ikAuNik sfzy kol ajy ienHF lokF dI Gft hY ies krky sfihqkfrF nMU ieh iËMmyvfrI smJxI aqy sFBxI cfhIdI hY. ieMglYNz ivc ies pfsy pihlF lyKkF ny Xogdfn pfieaf hY BfvyN hux bhuqf kMm pyÈfvr lokF vwloN hI ho irhf hY. afs hY ieh aml knyzf ivc vI CyqI hI cwl pvygf. Audfhrn vjoN, bI sI dy skUlF ivc pMjfbI pVHf rhy aiDafpk iek dUjy nfl qfl myl vDf rhy hn aqy pMjfbI dI pVHfeI dy sMbMD ivc af rhIaF muÈklF nMU iek dUjy nfl sFiJaF kr rhy hn.
(a) nvIN sUJ aqy globl siQqIaF dy afDfr Auqy jQybMdk ZFcf kfiem krnf
ieh gwl sfP hY ik dunIaF dIaF bhu igxqI bolIaF vFg pMjfbI dy ivkfs leI vI koeI styt iPkrmMd nhIN hY. pMMjfb dIaF srkfrF ny ies pfsy vwl ijMnf aqy ijs Auqsfh nfl hux qwk Xogdfn pfieaf hY Auh inrfÈ krn vflf hY. pr pMjfbI dI siQqI Pyr vI eynI mfVI nhIN hY. sMsfr dIaF bolIaF dI igxqI sihjy hI 5000 qoN 6000 qwk hY pr dunIaF ivc afËfd hsqI rwKx vfly mulk jF stytF 200 qoN vI Gwt hn. bhuqy mulkF dI afriQk aqy rfjnIqk kfrnF vws koiÈÈ hY ik AunHF dy dyÈ dI ieko kOmI bolI hovy. vwzI pwDr Auqy afpxy afriQk aqy rfjnIqk mnsUibaF nMU pUrf krn vflIaF qfkqF cfhuMdIaF hn ik dunIaF Br df sfrf kfrobfr ieko bolI - aMgRyËI - ivc hI clfieaf jfvy. ieh gwl duKdfeI idlcspI vflI hY ik dunIaF ivcoN brqfnvIN sfmrfj df BfvyN Kfqmf ho igaf hY pr aMg(r)yËI sfmrfj lgfqfr qrwkI kr irhf hY aqy ijs dI qrwkI ivc dunIaF Br dy lok cfhy axcfhy afpxI Xogqf aqy ÈkqI lf rhy hn. dunIaF Br dy lokF nMU aMg(r)yËI pVHfAux vfly aiDafpk aqy aMg(r)yËI dI pVHfeI ivc vrqy jfx vfly mYtr dI pYdfvfr ieMglYNz, amrIkf, knyzf, astRylIaf vrgy mulkF leI vwzI pwDr 'qy pYsf kmfAux dy sfDn hn. ienHF afirQk ihwqF kfrn ieh mulk vwKry vwKry qrIky nfl dUjIaF bolIaF bolx vfly lokF dy smfijk, siBafcfrk ihwqF dI koeI kImq nhIN pYx idMdy. ies df nqIjf ieh hY ik dunIaF dIaF bhuqIaF bolIaF byafsrf hn aqy Kqm hox dy Kqry ivc hn. mukfblqn pMjfbI Pyr vI eynI byafsrf nhIN hY.
pMjfbI dy sMbMD ivc cMgI gwl ieh vfprI hY ik ieh aslI mihinaF ivc iek aMqrrfÈtrI bolI bx geI hY. pMjfbI ies vyly dunIaF dy 124 mulkF ivc bolI jFdI hY. pfiksqfn dy bhu-igxqI (64%) lokF dI Ëbfn hY BfvyN ik ies qwq df ies dy ivkfs Auqy koeI asr nhIN hY. ieMglYNz ivc ds lwK dy nyVy qyVy pMjfbI vsdy hn aqy bfvjUd ies gwl dy ik kuJ lok Drm dy asr Qwly pMjfbI nMU afpxI bolI nhIN mMndy, Pyr vI pMjfbI ieMglYNz ivc aMgRyËI qoN bfad dUjy nMbr Auqy bolI jfx vflI BfÈf hY. isMGfpur, mlyÈIaf afid keI mulkF ivc pMjfbI dI iËkrXog hoNd hY. ipCly iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn knyzf aqy amrIkf dI pMjfbI vsoN ivc inwGr vfDy hoey hn. ibRitÈ kolMbIaf sUby ivc pMjfbI bolI qIjy nMbr Auqy afAuNdI hY.
ies dy nflL hI iek pwK nvIaF qknIkI eIjfdF df vI hY. kMipAUtr dy ivkfs ny pMjfbI vfsqy anykF aijhy dr KolH idwqy hn ijnHF df dhfkf pihlF supnf vI nhIN sI ilaf jf skdf. pMjfbI dIaF aKbfrF, mYgËIn aqy ikqfbF dI CpfeI df bhuqf kMm hux kMipAUtr rfhIN huMdf hY. bhuq sfry lok pMjfbI ilKx vfsqy kMipAUtr dI vrqoN kr rhy hn. bwicaF nMU pMjfbI isKflx leI sfPt vyar iqafr hox lwg pey hn. ieMtrnYt Auqy pMjfbI ivc mYgËIn pbilÈ hoxy ÈurU ho gey hn. ieh qwQ iksy vI pMjfbI nMU AusdI mfq-BfÈf bfry mfx mihsUs krvf skdy hn. pMjfbI BfÈf dy sMbMD ivc ijhVI inrfÈf jF grIbI df AunHF nMU ieiqhfsk qOr Auqy aihsfs krvfieaf igaf hY Auh shI nhIN hY. loV hY ies jfxkfrI nUM afm pMjfbIaF dI cyqnf df ihwsf bxfAux dI.
ijs qrHF pMjfbIaF ny Drm, isafsq, idlprcfvy aqy KyzF dy Kyqr ivc pihlF hI amlI qOr Auqy iek aMqrrfÈtrI BfeIcfry vjoN ivcrnf ÈurU kr idwqf hY Ausy qrHF pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs nMU vI aMqrrfÈtrI pwDr Aupr soicaf qy ivcfiraf jfxf cfhIdf hY. ies ivc iksy nMU koeI Èwk nhIN hY ik bhuqy pMjfbI ijwQy vI hn afriQk pwKoN mukfblqn KuÈhfl hn. ies ivc vI koeI Èwk nhIN hY ik hr QF vsdy pMjfbIaF dI isrqoV koiÈÈ hY ik Auh snaqI smfjF ivc rih ky vI afpxy ipCly smfj dy kuJ aMCF nMU bcf ky rwK skx - siBafcfr nMU bcfAux df qOKlf iesy koiÈÈ df ihwsf hY. pMjfbI siBafcfr dy cMgy pwKF ivcoN iek cMgf pwK ieh vI hY ik pMjfbI hmyÈF sFJy kMmF vfsqy hr iksm dI loVINdI shfieqf krn nMU iqafr rihMdy hn. loV hY ivÈv pwDr Auqy pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs vfsqy kMm krn vflI iksy suihrd jQybMdI dI ijhVI vwKry vwKry mulkF ivcoN vsIly iekwqr krky pMjfbI BfÈf dy ivkfs leI vwzy pwDr Auqy mnsUby bxf sky. ijwQy ijwQy pMjfbI vsdy hn AuQy hr pwDr dIaF srkfrF kol pMjfbI dy hwk ivc lfbI kr sky. sQfnk pwDr Auqy huMdIaF koiÈÈF ivc shfiek ho sky. pMjfbI dI pVHfeI leI loVINdI smwgrI iqafr krn vfsqy loVINdI Xogqf dI Bfl kr sky aqy afriQk sfDn muhweIaf kr sky. dUjy ÈbdF ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI sfr lYx vflI styt dI axhoNd nMU pUrf krn df Xqn kIqf jfxf cfhIdf hY.
ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik ivÈv pwDr dI jQybMdI dI kfmnf Èfied vwzf supnf hY. qy Èfied ies vkq knyzf pwDr Auqy jQybMd hoxf vI supnf hI hovy. pr myrf suJfa hY ik ieh supny lYxy cfhIdy hn. jy asIN pMjfbI bolI dI siQqI nUM irvfjn nFh-pwKI qrIikaF nfl dyKxf Cwz ky ies nMU hF-pwKI qrIky nfl (pfxI dy awDy glfs nMU awDf KflI kihx dI QF awDf Biraf kihx vFg) dyKx lwgIey qF sfnMU aijhy supny lYx qoN zr nhIN lwgygf. sfzI afpxI KfihÈ aqy koÈÈ qoN ibnF hI pMjfbI iek aMqrrfÈtrI BfÈf bx geI hY. hux sfzy leI ËrUrI hY ik ies hkIkq nMU smJ ky, apxf ky, Kuwd nMU ies dy hfx dy bxfeIey.

ijwQy aMqrrfÈtrI, AuqrI amrIkf jF knyzf dI pwDr Auqy jQybMdIaF bfry socxf cfhIdf hY aqy ivcfr vtFdrf hoxf cfhIdf hY AuQy sQfnk pwDr Auqy gwl supny qoN awgy vwDxI cfhIdI hY. keI hflqF ivc ieh kMm ho vI irhf hY. bhuqy QfvF Aupr ieh kMm Dfrimk jF siBafcfrk sMsQfvF kr rhIaF hn. ienHF mOjUdf sMsQfvF aqy skUlIN pVHdy bwicaF dy mfipaF dy sihXog nfl aijhIaF jQybMdIaF kfiem krnIaF cfhIdIaF hn jo inrol pMjfbI dy ivkfs leI kMm krn. ieh jQybMdIaF afpxy afly duafly BfÈf dy sMbMD ivc ho rhIaF gqI-ivDIaF dI sfr rwKx. pMjfbI pVHfAux dIaF sMBfvnfvF sMbMDI hr pwDr dI srkfr aqy ividak adfiraF qwk phuMc krn. bwicaF nMU pMjfbI pVHfAux dy kMm nMU knyzIan smfj dI iËMmyvfrI smJidaF afpxy hwkF dI mMg krn. mfq-BfÈf dy hwkF leI jwdo-jihd kr rhIaF dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl qflmyl pYdf krn. afid
(e) aglI pIVHI nMU jwdo-jihd ivc Èfml krnf.
asIN ies iKafl nfl gwl ÈurU kIqI sI ik knyzf ivc pMjfbI BfÈf dI sMBfl aqy ivkfs df mslf asl ivc aglIaF pIVHIaF dy pMjfbI nfl irÈqy df mslf hY. ieh bhuq ËrUrI hY ik aglI pIVHI dy lok ies ivc idlcspI lYx lwgx. eyQoN dy jMmy plLy lok iËafdf afsfnI nfl eyQoN dy msilaF nMU smJ skdy hn aqy Aus vfsqy kMm kr skdy hn. ieh kMm kuJ hwd qwk ho vI irhf hY. bI sI dy skUlF ivc pMjfbI BfÈf lfgU krvfAux ivc knyzf dI jMmI plLI pIVHI dy lokF vloN pfieaf Xogdfn ies dI iek imsfl hY". ies vyly bI sI dy skUlF ivc pMjfbI pVHf rhy aiDafpkF ivcoN awDy eyQoN dy jMmy/plLy jF pVHy hoey hn. loV hY kuJ eyho ijhy kdm puwtx dI ijnHF nfl knyzf dy skUlF XUnIvristIaF ivc pVH rhy ividafrQI pMjfbI BfÈf aqy siBafcfr nfl sMbMDq iviÈaF ivc idlcspI lYx lwgx. ies sMbMD ivc skUl aqy XUnIvristI dI pwDr Auqy kimAUintI vfloN ienfm, skflriÈwp, grFt afid df p(r)bMD krnf cfhIdf hY. ienHF ividafrQIaF nMU pMjfbI BfÈf aqy sfihq nfl jfxU krvfAux dy ierfdy nfl pMjfb Byjx dy Xqn krny cfhIdy hn. amrIkf dIaF kuJ XUnIvristIaF vwloN ies iksm dy Xqn ho vI rhy hn.
aMiqkf
ies prcy ivc pyÈ kIqy ivcfrF qoN kuJ gwlF AuBr ky sfhmxy afAuNdIaF hn:
A) knyzf ivc pMjfbIaF dI pihlI pIVHI ny kfPI hwd qwk afpxI bolI nMU sFBx dI koiÈÈ kIqI hY.
a) muwK mslf aglIaF pIVHIaF nMU ivigafnk qrIky nfl pMjfbI isKflx df hY.
e) knyzf ivc jMmx vfly pMjfbI bwicaF dI mfq-BfÈf pMjfbI hY.
s) knyzf ivc pMjfbI nMU kfiem rwKxf sfzf muwZlf hwk hY.
h) bhuqy mfpy vI qy bwcy vI pMjfbI nMU kfiem rwKxf cfhuMdy hn.
k) Coty bwicaF nMU mfq-BfÈf dI iswiKaf dyx dI iËMmyvfrI mfipaF dy nfl styt dI vI hY.
K) pMjfbI df iek aMqrrfÈtrI BfÈf vjoN AuBrnf ies dy ivkfs ivc shfeI ho skdf hY.
g) sMcfr ivc ho rhIaF qbdIlIaF pMjfbI leI lfhyvMd ho rhIaF hn aqy hor vI ho skdIaF hn.
ienHF qwQF nMU knyzf ivc pMjfbI dy ivkfs ihwq vriqaf jfxf cfhIdf hY. loV pMjfbI nfl sMbMDq nFh-pwKI ivcfrF aqy phuMc ivc qbdIlI ilafAux dI hY. knyzf ivc pMjfbI dy BivwK bfry sfnMU ies qrHF nhIN socxf cfhIdf ik BivwK iek dUr idsdf jF Cuipaf hoieaf ibMdU hY, ijwQy asIN phuMcxf hY. ieh aMdfËy lfAux ivc koeI quk nhIN hY ik asIN Aus ibMdU Auqy phuMcFgy jF nhIN. pMjfbI dy ivkfs nMU vrqmfn smyN dy iek aml (prfsYs) dy qOr Auqy socxf cfhIdf hY. TIk hY, ies aml dI Xojnf ivc sfnMU lMmy smyN dy inÈfny imwQxy cfhIdy hn, pr socxf iek aml dy qOr Auqy hI cfhIdf hY. smyN anusfr jo sMBv hY, jo asIN afpxI ÈkqI qy suihrdqf nfl kr skdy hF, Auh krn dI koiÈÈ krnI cfhIdI hY. jy asIN agly pMdrF vIhF virHaF ivc (do iqMn dhfky pihlF afeI pIVHI dy Qwkx muwkx qwk) pMjfbI dy ivkfs dy aml nMU iek inrMqrqf dy skIey qF asIN kdy inrfÈ nhIN hovFgy. ieh vrqmfn smyN df aml hI knyzf ivc pMjfbI df BivwK hY.
(ies lyK ivc vrqy soimaF aqy idwqy hvfilaF bfry jfxkfrI vfsqy lyKk nfl sMprk kIqf jf skdf hY)

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ies leI jdoN AsIN knyfw ivc BwSw dI sMBwl Aqy ivkws dI g`l krdy hW qW Asl ivc AsIN knyfw ivc jMmx plx vwlIAW AglIAW pIVHIAW dy pMjwbI nwl irSqy bwry g`l kr rhy huMdy hW[ swP SbdW ivc knyfw ivc pMjwbI BwSw dy Biv`K dw mslw mu`K qOr au~qy AglIAW pIVHIAW nwl pMjwbI dw fUMGw irSqw joVn nwl sMbMD r`Kdw hY[ AwvwsIAW dy siBAwcwr Aqy BwSw sMbMDI Koj dy AwDwr au~qy ieh mMinAw jWdw irhw hY ik jy G`t igxqI siBAwcwr Aqy BwSw nMU Xog auqswh Aqy shwieqw nw imly qW auh iqMn pIVHIAW ivc v`fy smwj dw ih`sw bx jWdy hn[dUjy SbdW ivc, byAwsrI bolI Aqy siBAwcwr iqMn pIVHIAW ivc AwpxI hoNd gvw idMdy hn[ pr AwvjweI Aqy sMcwr ivc ho rhIAW nvIAW qknIkI eIjwdW Aqy BwSw Aqy siBAwcwr sMbMDI nvIAW KojW nUM iDAwn ivc r`KidAW ieh ikAws kIqw jw skdw hY ik iqMn pIVHIAW ivc bolI dy Kqm hox vwlI hoxI Swied pMjwbI nwl nw vwpry[ hux AsIN pMjwbI bolI dy somy pMjwb qoN dUr ho ky vI, dUr nhIN hW[ tYlIPon, tYlIivXn, Aqy suKwly hvweI sPr ny swfI dUrI kwPI h`d q`k Gtw id`qI hY[ kMipaUtr dy ivkws nwl ieh dUrI hor vI qyzI nwl G`t rhI hY[ pr Pyr vI jy AsIN knyfw ivc jMm pL rhIAW AglIAW pIVHIAW dw pMjwbI bolI nwl koeI nyVlw irSqw sQwpq krn ivc kwmXwb nw hoey qW qknIkI ivkws, BwSw Aqy siBAwcwr dI nvIN sUJ nwl pYx vwly cMgy AsrW qoN koeI bhuqw Pwiedw nhIN auTwieAw jw skygw[

ieyQy jMmy pLy b`icAW nMU pMjwbI BwSw dI is`iKAw dyx dw kMm mu`K qOr ’qy gurdvwirAW vloN hoieAw hY[ knyfw dy hr ih`sy ivc ij`Qy vI is`KW ny Awpxy Dwrimk kyNdr sQwpq kIqy hn au~Qy ienHW kyNdrW v`loN b`icAW nMU pMjwbI pVHwaux v`l vI zrUr kuJ nw kuJ koiSS hoeI hY[ ieh g`l Awpxy Awp ivc hr p`KoN sulwhuxXog hY BwvyN gurdvwirAW vloN pMjwbI dI pVHweI sMbMDI ApxweI phuMc ivigAwnk hox nwloN Dwrimk izAwdw rhI hY[

pMjwbI dI pVHweI vl ivigAwnk lIhW au~pr swfy v`loN gMBIrqw nwl iDAwn nw dyx ip`Cy do mu`K g`lW hn: iek qW pMjwb Aqy pMjwbI BwSw nwl sMbMDq AnykW ieiqhwsk, Dwrimk, rwjnIqk Aqy AwriQk kwrn hn jo iesdy ivkws ivc roVw bxdy hn; dUjw Awvws dIAW AwpxIAW sm`isAwvW Aqy pirsiQqIAW hn jo pMjwbI BwSw dy ivkws ivc shwiek is`D nhIN hoeIAW[ swfy hux q`k ies pwsy vl rv`eIey dI jy ghu nwl pVqwl kIqI jwvy qW aus ivcoN kuJ ies qrHW dy kwrn auBr ky swhmxy Awauxgy: A) swfy pMjwbI nwl irSqy ivc kuJ AxsulJIAW sm`isAwvW hn; A) swfI jIvn p®iq phuMc loV qoN izAwdw ivhwrk (prYgmYitk) hY; e) AsIN b`icAW vwsqy mwq-BwSw dI is`iKAw dI zrUrq sMbMDI nvIN Koj Aqy dUjIAW BwSwvW dy lokW vloN huMdIAW koiSSW qoN pUrI qrHW vwikP nhIN hW; s) AsIN knyfw dy bhusiBAwcwrk smwj ivcly Awpxy h`kW qoN pUrI qrHW vwikP nhIN hW; h) pMjwbI dy iek AMqrrwSqrI BwSw hox dy q`Q qoN AsIN Ajy loVINdI SkqI lYxI AwrMB nhIN kIqI, Awid[ pMjwbI BwSw v`lW swfy rv`eIey ivcly ieh kwrn BwSw nMU sWBx Aqy iesdw ivkws krn dIAW koiSSW ivc nWh-p`KI Asr pwauNdy hn[

BwvyN ies sMbMDI swnMU Awpxy Awp nMU loV qoN vwDU ksUrvwr smJ ky inrwS nhIN hoxw cwhIdw pr AslIAq nMU A`KoN auhly krnw vI isAwxp nhIN[ ies dw zwhrw qOr ’qy nukswn ieh hoieAw hY ik ipCly do FweI dhwikAW dOrwn eyQy jMmy pLy swfy b`icAW ivcoN v`fI igxqI pMjwbI BwSw dI mu`Fly p`Dr dI pVHweI ilKweI dy hunr qoN vI korI rhI hY, BwvyN bolx dI p`Dr au~qy siQqI eynI audwsI vwlI nhIN[ bolcwl dI p`Dr au~qy pMjwbI dy kwiem rihx dw iek kwrn ieh hY ik ies smyN dOrwn pMjwb qoN lgwqwr nvyN lok eyQy Aw ky vsdy rhy hn, ijs nwl swfy eyQy jMmy b`icAW dw pMjwb qoN Awaux vwly irSqydwrW Aqy skUl ivcly nvyN sihpwTIAW nwl qwlmyl v`Ddw irhw hY[ pMjwbI sMgIq dy ieMglYNf Aqy knyfw ivc hoey ivkws (iesdy imAwr dI g`l v`KrI hY) ny vI b`icAW ivc bolI p®iq cyqnw Aqy nyVqw ilAWdI hY[ nvyN pMjwbI AwvwsIAW dy lgwqwr Awaux nwl auNJ hI pMjwbI BwSw dI knyfw ivc aumr inrsMdyh v`D rhI hY[ pr eyQy jMm pL rhy swfy b`icAW nUM pMjwbI dI ivigAwnk lIhW ’qy is`iKAw dyx vl koeI eynI v`fI guxwqmk (kuJ h`d q`k bI sI dI siQqI nUM C`f ky) qbdIlI nhIN AweI idsdI[

ies leI swfy vwsqy ieh zrUrI ho jWdw hY ik AsIN knyfw ivc AglIAW pIVHIAW nMU pMjwbI dI is`iKAw dyx jW idvwaux vwsqy hor vI gMBIrqw nwl socIey[ pMjwbI BwSw dy ivkws sMbMDI AwpxI smJ Aqy phuMc nMU ies mulk dIAW Aqy smyN dIAW siQqIAW Anuswr nvIAW lIhW au~qy GoKIey[ nvIN smJ nMU AwDwr bxw ky Awpxy Awp nMU hwlwq dy hwx dy bxweIey[ hQly pypr ivc ies pwsy v`l ieh mu`FlI koiSS hY[ knyfw ivc pMjwbI BwSw Aqy iesdy Biv`K dy msly nMU hyT ilKy ih`isAW ivc r`K ky ivcwirAw jw skdw hY:

1.     knyfw ivc pMjwbI BwSw nMU sWBx dI loV
2.    mOjUdw siQqI
3.    kI krn dI loV hY?

1. knyfw ivc pMjwbI BwSw nMU sWBx dI loV

sB qoN pihlI g`l ijhVI AsIN swry jwxdy hW ik bolI iksy vI siBAwcwr dw mh`qvpUrn icMn hI nhIN huMdI sgoN auh mwiDAm hMudI hY ijs ny siBAwcwr nMU iek pIVHI qoN dUjI q`k lY ky jwxw huMdw hY[ AsIN Awpxy swihq, gIq-sMgIq, Drm, rsm-irvwj, smwijk-myljol ijhIAW g`lW dw jo AnMd AwpxI bolI ivc mwxdy hW auh dUjI bolI ivc sMBv nhIN ho skdw[ ies krky siBAwcwr nMU ies dy Awpxy rMgW, mihkW qy suhj suAwdW ivc kwiem r`Kx vwsqy bolI dw kwiem rihxw zrUrI hY[ pMjwbI bolI ibnW pMjwbI siBAwcwr dw ikAws nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ siBAwcwr dI rUh nMU AglIAW pIVHIAW q`k phuMcwx vwsqy swfy b`icAW nMU pMjwbI BwSw dI jwxkwrI Aiq zrUrI hY[

so Awpxy siBAwcwrk nzrIey qoN knyfw ivc AwpxI BwSw nMU sWBx dI loV bwry AsIN swry kwPI h`d q`k swP hW[ pr AsIN b`icAW dy jW knyfIAn smwj dy nzrIey qoN ies bwry auny swP nhIN hW[ ies sMbMDI keI svwl hn ijnHW bwry swry lok ie`ko ijhI sUJ Aqy phuMc nhIN r`Kdy[ audwhrn vjoN, (A) swfy eyQy jMm pL rhy b`cy pMjwbI ikauN pVHn? (A) kI pMjwbI aunHW dI mwq-BwSw hY? (e) CotI aumr dy b`cy vwsqy iek qoN v`D bolIAW is`Kxw ausdy ivAkqIg`q ivkws ivc swDk hY jW bwDk? (s) pMjwbI BwSw dI jwxkwrI aunHW dy knyfIAn jIvn ivc iks iksm dw Aqy iks qrHW vwDw krygI? jW, pMjwbI BwSw dI jwxkwrI nMU auh ik`Qy Aqy iks qrHW vrqoN ivc ilAwauxgy? (h) kI swfy b`icAW nMU pMjwbI pVHwaux leI knyfIAn smwj dI vI koeI izMmyvwrI bxdI hY? ieh Aqy ies iksm dy hor vI AnykW svwl hn ijnHW bwry swP hox leI Aqy sWJI phuMc Apxwaux leI gMBIr ivcwr vtWdry dI loV hY[ eysy qrHW kuJ svwl pMjwbI BwSw bwry vI hn ijnHW au~pr ivcwr vtWdrw swfy leI shweI ho skdw hY[ audwhrn vjoN, (k) kI AMgRyzI jW hor zbwnW dy mukwbly pMjwbI pirmitv (p`CVI) BwSw hY? Awid[ ienHW kuJ svwlW bwry hyTW sMKyp ivc crcw kIqI jwvygI[

(a) swfy eyQy jMm pL rhy b`cy pMjwbI ikauN pVHn?

ijs qrHW mwipAW nMU jW pihlI pIVHI nMU ieh loV kudrqI jwpdI hY ik aunHW dy b`cy aunHW dI BwSw qoN jwxU hox Aqy aunHW dy siBAwcwr nMU A`gy lY ky jwx iesy qrHW b`icAW nMU vI Awpxy ipCokV nwl juVn dI kudrqI loV Aqy KwihS huMdI hY[ ieh g`l v`KrI hY ik keI vwrI keI siQqIAW Aqy mjbUrIAW ADIn b`cy AwpxI mwq-BwSw Aqy siBAwcwr qoN bymu`K ho jWdy hn[ loV huMdI hY aunHW siQqIAW nMU smJx Aqy bdlx dI ijhVIAW b`cy au~pr ies iksm dy Asr pwauNdIAW hn[

ijhVI bolI bolx vwlI mW dI ku`KoN jW prvwr ivc b`cw jnm lYNdw hY auh sB qoN pihlW auh bolI hI is`Kdw hY Aqy auh bolI hI ausdI mwq-BwSw huMdI hY[ jy ieh prvwr iksy Aijhy kbIly jW smwj dw ih`sw hY jo hor bolIAW bolx vwly kbIilAW jW smwjW dy sMprk ivc nhIN AwauNdw qW aus b`cy vwsqy auh bolI hI sB kuJ hovygI[ auh aus bolI nwl ibnW iksy muSkl dy Awpxw jIvn ibqw skdw hY ijs qrHW aus dy kbIly dy lok sdIAW qoN krdy Awey hox[ aus nMU kdy vI AwpxI bolI dy GtIAw, kmzor jW mh`qvhIx hox dw Aihsws nhIN hovygw[ pr jy auhI prvwr jW kbIlw iksy Aijhy smwj dw ih`sw bx jwx ij`Qy aunHW dy Gr AMdr bolI jWdI bolI qoN ibnW koeI hor bolI vrqI jWdI hovy Aqy jy smyN dIAW AwriQk, rwjInqk Aqy smwijk hwlqW Anuswr Gr AMdr vrqI jWdI bolI bwhr vrqI jWdI bolI dy mukwbly G`t mh`qqw r`KdI hovy; Gr ivclI bolI ivc is`iKAw imlx dI, nOkrI imlx dI Aqy smwijk drjw imlx dI koeI Aws nw hovy; aus Gr dy bwkI jIA vI ies hkIkq A`gy hiQAwr su`t ky AwpxI bolI qoN bymu`K ho gey hox, qW aus b`cy nMU ieh jwnx ivc dyr nhIN l`gygI ik jIvn ivc sPl hox leI auhnMU ikhVI bolI is`KxI Aqy vrqxI cwhIdI hY[ ausdI mwq-BwSw Aqy smwj ivc p®vwxq BwSw ivcly aUc-nIc dy irSqy dI siQqI aus b`cy nMU AwpxI mwq-BwSw qoN bymu`K hox leI mjbUr kr dyvygI[ aus b`cy dy mn AMdr AwpxI mwq-BwSw vlW mwx dw nhIN sgoN hIxqw dw Aihsws jwgygw Aqy auh smwj ivc p®vwxq Aqy sPl hox leI smwj ivc v`fw drjw r`Kx vwlI BwSw nwl AwpxI pCwx krygw Aqy krvweygw[

ivktorIAw bI sI ivc tI. mYknwmI Aqy AYc. vweHIt vloN 1985 ivc kIqI geI iek Koj swfy leI b`icAW nwl vrqdI ies hoxI nMU smJx ivc shweI ho skdI hY[ aunHW ny grytr ivktorIAw dI ieMtr-klcrl AYsosIeySn vloN sQwnk is`K tYNpl Aqy ihMMdU p®ISd dy sihXog nwl clwey iek p®ogrwm sMbMDI ivsQwr ivc iliKAw hY[ ies ivc p®I-skUl dI aumr dy b`icAW vwly kuJ pMjwbI prvwr Swml sn[ ies p®ogrwm ADIn hr somvwr Aqy bu`Dvwr bwAd dupihr do GMitAW dw sYSn iek sQwnk crc ivc lwieAw jWdw sI jo ihMdU p®ISd vloN AwpxIAW mIitMgW vwsqy vriqAw jWdw sI[ ies ivc pMjwbI b`cy iek p®I-skUl AiDAwpk Aqy pMjwbI bolx vwly ivAkqI dI ingrwnI hyT huMdy sn Aqy ausy vyly v`fI aumr dy pMjwbI vI au~Qy iek eI AYs AYl tIcr koloN AMMgRyzI is`Kdy[ mYknwmI Aqy vweHIt Anuswr p®I-skUl dy b`icAW vwsqy inSwnw ieh sI ik AMgRyzI dI mu`FlI jwxkwrI dy nwl nwl aunHW dI Gr ivc is`KI pMjwbI vrqx dI Xogqw nMU auqswhq Aqy prp`k krnw[ KojkwrIAW ny not kIqw ik ijhVy b`cy pihlW hI kuJ AMgRyzI jwxdy sn auh nw qW pMjwbI bolxI cwhuMMdy sn Aqy nw hI auh au~Qy hwzr v`fI aumr dy pMjwbIAW v`loN pyS kIqy gIqW jW khwxIAW ivc koeI idlcspI lYNdy sn[ auh b`cy AMgRyzI qoN ibnW bwkI sB kuJ nUM r`d (rIjYkt) krdy sn[ ieh aunHW ny pihly p®I-skUl ivcoN is`iKAw sI ij`Qy duBwSI/dusiBAwcwrI jIvn-jwc nUM vVwvw nhIN sI id`qw jWdw[ ieh g`l Kyf dOrwn b`icAW ivckwr hoeI g`lbwq qoN zwhr hoeI: do b`cy pMjwbI ivc g`l kr rhy sn[ qIjy b`cy ny Aw ky aunHW nMU AMgRyzI ivc toikAw: “no pMjwbI ien dw skUl”[ ies mOky p®I-skUl AiDAwpk ny Aw ky aunHW nwl g`lbwq kIqI Aqy aunHW nMU auqswhq kIqw ik do zbwnW bol skxw ik`fI v`fI g`l hY Aqy auh ikMny KuSiksmq hn ik auh do zbwnW bol skdy hn[ ies iksm dy lgwqwr imldy hONsly dy nqIjy vjoN aunHW b`icAW ivc pMjwbI bolI Aqy siBAwcwr p®iq nvW auqswh pYdw hoieAw Aqy nwl hI auh b`cy AMgRyzI vI auny hI vDIAw qrIky nwl is`Kx l`gy[ mYknwmI Aqy vweHIt ny ies Koj rwhIN idKwieAw ik iks qrHW b`icAW nMUM duBwSI/dusiBAwcwrI jIvn-jwc isKwieAw jw skdw hY ijhVw b`cy dy ivAkqIgq ivkws ivc Aqy ividAw g®ihx krn ivc hW-p`KI BUimkw inBw skdw hY[

bcpn ivc nWh-p`KI siQqIAW dw iSkwr hoey b`icAW dy jIvn ivc kdy nw kdy ieh mOkw zrUr AwauNdw hY jdoN auh Awpxy ipCokV bwry socdy hn Aqy aus nwl juVnw locdy hn[ ies dIAW AnykW audwhrnW swfy Awsy pwsy iK`lrIAW peIAW hn[ v`fy p`Dr au~qy APrIkw ivcoN gulwm bxw ky ilAWdy kwly AmrIkn lokW dI Awpxy ipCokV nwl juVn dI locnw qoN AsIN swry jwxU hW[ ies sMdrB ivc mYN Awpxw in`jI qjrbw vI quhwfy nwl sWJw kr skdw hW[ ipCly ds igAwrW swl qoN mYN XU bI sI ivc pMjwbI pVHw irhw hW[ pMjwbI dIAW jmwqW lYx vwly pMjwbI ipCokV dy ividAwrQIAW dw kihxw hY ik auh bcpn ivc pMjwbI is`KxI iblkul psMd nhIN sn krdy[ auh smJdy sn ik ieh Kwh mKwh aunHW dy mwipAW vloN aunHW au~pr TosI jw rhI hY[ pr XUnIvristI Aw ky aunHW ny mihsUs kIqw ik Awpxy mwipAW nwl Aqy siBAwcwr nwl nyVqw leI pMjwbI zbwn dw Awauxw byh`d zrUrI hY[ aunHW nMU ies g`l dw pCqwvw hY ik aunHW ny mwipAW dI g`l iDAwn nwl ikauN nw suxI[ swfy leI smJx vwlI g`l ieh hY ik pMjwbI BwSw dw kwiem rihxw isrP swfy nzrIey qoN hI nhIN swfy b`icAW dy nzrIey qoN vI zrUrI hY[

(A) kI pMjwbI aunHW dI mwq-BwSw hY?

ieh svwl kuJ lokW nMU pihlI nzry Swied kwPI sDwrn Aqy PzUl jwpy pr ieh kwPI pycIdw mslw hY[ pirBwSw ieh g`l inrDwrq krdI hY ik AsIN ikhVI BwSw nMU Aqy ikauN AwpxI mwq-BwSw dw drjw idMdy hW Aqy ikhVI nMU nhIN[ auNJ kihx nMU pMjwb ivc jMimAW piLAW bwry ieh inrxy nwl ikhw jw skdw hY ik aunHW dI mwq-BwSw pMjwbI hY pr Pyr vI, ijvyN AsIN jwxdy hW, kuJ lok ies g`l qoN munkr huMdy rhy hn[ sMswr p®is`D BwSw ivigAwnI tov skUtnwb-kWgws Anuswr mwq-BwSw dI pirBwSw leI Aksr cwr mUl-q`q vrqy jWdy hn:

mUl-q`q                pirBwSw
mu`F             ijhVI zbwn(nW) b`cy ny pihlW is`KI hovy
Xogqw         ijhVI zbwn(nW) ivc b`cw izAwdw Xogqw r`Kdw hovy
vrqoN           ijhVI zbwn(nW) b`cw izAwdw vrqoN ivc ilAw irhw hovy
pCwx
A      AMdrUnI        ijhVI zbwn(nW) nwl b`cw AwpxI pCwx krdw hovy
A      bwhrI          ijhVI zbwn(nW) nwl dUjy lok aus dI pCwx krdy hox

ies AwDwr au~qy ieko ivAkqI dIAW iek qoN v`D mwq-BwSwvW ho skdIAW hn; bMdy dI mwq-BwSw jIvn ivc iek qoN v`D vwr bdl skdI hY; smwj ivc BwSwvW dI drjwbMdI Anuswr mwq-BwSw dI pirBwSw nIAq kIqI jw skdI hY[

audwhrn vjoN, knyfw ivc jMmy swfy b`cy dI mwq-BwSw isrP mu`F vwly mUl-q`q Anuswr pMjwbI hovygI[ bwkI iqMn mUl-q`qW Anuswr ausdI mwq-BwSw AMgRyzI mMnI jwvygI[ knyfw ivcly is`iKAw dy FWcy Anuswr aus b`cy dI Xogqw pMjwbI nwloN AMgRyzI ivc izAwdw hovygI[ auh pMjwbI nwloN AMgRyzI dI v`D vrqoN krygw[ bhuqIAW hwlqW ivc auh Kud AwpxI pCwx AMgRyzI bolI bolx vwly dy qOr au~qy krygw Aqy krvweygw[ dUsry lok vI ausdI pCwx AMgRyzI bolx vwly ivAkqI dy qOr au~qy hI krngy[ jwxI ik Xogqw, vrqoN Aqy pCwx nMU AwDwr bxw ky aus b`cy dI mwq-BwSw AMgRyzI mMnI jwvygI[ knyfw ivc pMjwbI BwSw dI AMgRyzI dy mukwbly nIvyN drjy dI siQqI ny aus b`cy dI mwq-BwSw pMjwbI qoN AMgRyzI kr id`qI[ l`gdw hY ik bhuqy lokW vloN ies vrqwry nMU kudrqI vrqwrw smJ ky prvwn kr ilAw jWdw hY[ ies vrqwry ip`Cy Cupy ivqkry nMU G`t hI pCwixAW jWdw hY[ skUtnwb-kWgws G`t igxqI Aqy kmzor BwSwvW ivru`D ivqkry dI ies swzS nMU nMigAw krdI hY[ ausdw kihxw hY ik mwq-BwSw dI Xogqw jW vrqoN vrgy mUl-q`qW nwl pirBwSw krky srdwrI vwlIAW BwSwvW kmzor qy G`t igxqI BwSwvW nwl BwSweI ivqkrw (ilMgUiszm) krdIAW hn[ mu`FlI BwSw qoN ibnW dUjI BwSw(vW) ivc v`D Xogqw, ausdI v`D vrqoN, aus nwl AwpxI pCwx dw mu`K kwrn ieh huMdw hY ik b`cy nMU ausdI mu`FlI BwSw is`Kx dw, Aqy aus nwl juVn dw mOkw hI nhIN id`qw igAw huMdw[ ividAk AdwirAW ivc pVHweI vwsqy mwq-BwSw dIAW ienHW pirBwSwvW dI vrqoN sbMDI aus dw ivcwr hY: “ividAk AdwirAW ivc jdoN iek G`t igxqI b`cy dI mwq-BwSw nMU pirBwSq kIqw jWdw hY qW vrqoN Aqy Xogqw nMU pirBwSw dw AwDwr bxwauxw siBAwcwrk Aqy sMsQwnk BwSweI ivqkrw (ieMstIitaUSnl ilMgUiszm) hY”[ swfy vwsqy svwl ieh pYdw huMdw hY ik kI Awpxy b`icAW dI mwq-BwSw dI pirBwSw inrDwrq krn vwsqy AsIN rwxI BwSw dy pYrokwrW vloN TosI pirBwSw vrqxI hY jW ies p`K ivc Awp soc ky koeI is`tw k`Fxw hY[ Awpxy b`icAW dI mwq-BwSw dI pirBwSw Awp krn dy Aml ivcoN AsIN loVINdI sUJ Aqy SkqI pYdw kr skdy hW jo mwq-BwSw dy h`k leI j`do-jihd ivc swfI shweI ho skdI hY[

ies sMdrB ivc ieMglYNf dy pMjwbIAW drimAwn c`lI bihs qoN jwxU hoxw vI swfy vwsqy PwiedymMd ho skdw hY[ ieMglYNf dy do jwxy pCwxy lyKkW svrn cMdn Aqy hrbKS mksUdpurI ny ieh ivcwr pyS kIqw ik swnMU mMn lYxw cwhIdw hY ik swfy b`icAW dI mwq-BwSw pMjwbI nhIN AMgRyzI hY[ svrn cMdn svwl krdw hY: “pMjwbI BwSw mwipAW dI mW-bolI qW hY pr kI ieh b`icAW dI mW-bolI vI hY?” ies dy jvwb ivc auh Kud ies is`ty qy phuMcdw hY ik ieMglYNf ivc jMmy pMjwbI b`icAW dI mwq-BwSw AMgRyzI hI khI jw skdI hY[ cMdn vWg mksUdpurI dI vI iehy rwie hY[ Aqy auh AwpxI rwie dy ADwr au~qy ies is`ty au~qy phuMcdw hY: “s`c ieh hY ik pMjwbI zubwn dw, sxy hor BwrqI zubwnW dy ie`Qy koeI Biv`K nhIN[ v`D qoN v`D vIh swl q`k bolcwl dIAW bolIAW dy qOr ’qy ienHW dw nwauN inSwn imt jwvygw[ ieh bolIAW mMdrW msIqW qy gurduAwirAW dIAW h`dW qoN bwhr iblkul Kqm ho jwxgIAW[”ienHW ivdvwnW vloN pyS kIqy ivcwrW nMU hrdyv isMG FysI Aqy drSn isMG qwqlw vloN zordwr SbdW ivc r`d kIqw igAw[

svrn cMdn vloN id`qI dlIl ik “aunHW b`icAW dw vwh in`ky pYmwny au~qy qW pMjwbI smwj nwl pYNdw hY pr v`fy pYmwny au~qy auh mu`K dyS Aqy iesdI smwijk Dwrw qoN p®Bwivq huMdy hn” dy ivroD ivc drSn isMG qwqlw ilKdw hY: “mW-bolI dw sMbMD v`fy smwj nwl nhIN blik in`ky smwj nwl hI hY, ijs ivc b`cw Awpxy pihly SbdW dI swrxI is`Kdw hY Aqy BwSw ivigAwnI mwhrW Anuswr suqy-is`D hI AwpxI mwq-BwSw dy grwmr inXm aucwr ky bolx vwly smwj ivc prvyS krdw hY[ bolI bolx nwl auh AijhI bolI dIAW auh sB XukqIAW p®wpq kr lYNdw hY ijs nMU auh iPr cwhMudw hoieAw vI Bulw nhIN skdw[ pihly iqMn cwr swlW dI is`KI hoeI bolI hI ausdI mW-bolI khwaux dw ruqbw r`KdI hY[’ qwqlw vloN id`qI dlIl vjndwr jwpdI hY[ ies sMdrB ivc ieh do audwhrnW dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn[

pihlI audwhrn: knyfw ivc 40ivAW 50ivAW dOrwn jMm ky jvwn hoey pMjwbIAW ny Awpxy bcpn ivc Awpxy GrW ivc pMjwbI bolxI is`KI[ aus smyN pMjwbIAW dI igxqI G`t hox kwrn Gr qoN bwhr ienHW dw vwh bhuq G`t pMjwbIAW nwl ipAw Aqy ies qrHW l`gw ik ieh bolI Bu`l gey[ pr jdoN 60ivAW Aqy 70ivAW dOrwn pMjwbIAW dI igxqI vDI qW eyQy jMmy pLy lok hOlI hOlI muV guzwry jogI pMjwbI bolx l`g pey[ swP hY ik jy ienHW ny bcpn ivc pMjwbI nw is`KI huMdI qW kdy vI eynI sOK nwl pMjwbI bolx nw l`gdy[ BwvyN ieh Ajy vI pMjwbI nwloN v`D AMgRyzI jwxdy, boldy Aqy vrqdy hn pr ij`Qy q`k mwq-BwSw dw sMbMD hY ienHW dI mwq-BwSw pMjwbI hI mMnxI pvygI[

dUjI audwhrn: iek pMjwbI prvwr sMn 1960 dy duAwly pMjwb qoN Aw ky vYnkUvr, ib®itS kolMbIAw rihx l`gw[ aus prvwr idAW iqMn b`icAW ivcoN doNh dw jnm eyQy Aw kyy hoieAw[ Sihr dy ijs ih`sy ivc ieh prvwr rihMdw sI au~Qy bhuqy pMjwbI prvwr nhIN sn[ ies prvwr dy b`icAW dy dosq gYr-pMjwbI sn Aqy Awly duAwly dy swry mwhOl ivc AMgRyzI hI BwrU sI[ CyqI hI ieh b`cy pMjwbI ‘Bu`l’ gey[ ivckwrlw muMfw jo knyfw dw jMm pL sI, jdoN qyrHW cOdW swl dw hoieAw qW glq kMpnI ivc pY igAw[ skUl ivcoN gYr-hwzr rihx dy nwl nwl auh in`kIAW motIAW corIAW Awid vI krn l`gw[ GridAW nMU bVw iPkr l`gw[ sm`isAw dw koeI h`l nhIN sI idsdw[ aunHW dw ip`Cy pMjwb ivc prvwr kwPI v`fw sI[ auh muMfy nMU ipMf C`f Awey qy GridAW nMU hdwieq kr Awey ik ies nMU iksy pwsy Awaux jwx nhIN dyxw Aqy Gr dy KyqI dy kMm kwr ivc msrUP r`Kxw hY[ Cy s`q mhIny bwAd jdoN auh muMfw muV ky knyfw AwieAw qW ipMf dy muhwvry nwl TyT pMjwbI boldw sI[ swP hY ik jy aus b`cy ny bcpn ivc pMjwbI nw is`KI huMdI qW eynI CyqI iek v`KrI zbwn bolxI nhIN sI is`K skdw[ jW ies nMU ies qrHW vI dyiKAw jw skdw hY[ jy aus b`cy dy dosqW ivcoN AMgRyzI prvwr nwl sMbMD r`Kx vwlw jW cInI prvwr nwl sMbMD r`Kx vwlw koeI b`cw pMjwb dy ipMf Byj id`qw jWdw qW kI auh vI Cy s`q mhIny dy smyN ivc ipMf dy muhwvry nwl pMjwbI bolxI is`K jWdw? jvwb nWh ivc hovygw[ dUjy SbdW ivc b`cy dI mwq-BwSw auh hI huMdI hY jo auh Awpxy jIvn dy pihly swlW dOrwn is`Kdw hY[

swfy leI ieh bihs byh`d mh`qv r`KdI hY[ swP zwhr hY ik jy AsIN mwq-BwSw dI pirBwSw iek dy QW dUjI lY lYNdy hW qW AsIN vI aunHW hI is`itAW au~qy phuMcWgy ijnHW au~qy cMdn Aqy mksUdpurI phuMcy[ pr ijvyN mYN pihlW skUtnwb-kWgws dy hvwly nwl ikhw hY ik ienHW pirBwSwvW dy ip`Cy qwkqvr BwSw dy pYrokwrW dI iek BwSweI ivqkry vwlI soc kMm krdI hY ijs qoN swnMU swvDwn rihxw pvygw[ AsIN Awpxy siBAwcwr bwry Awm qOr au~qy, Aqy Drm bwry Kws qOr au~qy, iksy dUjy dI ies iksm dI rwie mMnx nMU kdwicq iqAwr nhIN hW[ Pyr swnMU AwpxI BwSw dy sMbMD ivc vI dUijAW dI rwie ijauN dI iqauN nhIN mMn lYxI cwhIdI[ myry ivcwr ivc knyfw ivc pMjwbI GrW ivc jnm lYx vwly b`icAW dI mwq-BwSw pMjwbI hI mMnI jwxI cwhIdI hY[ jy AsIN ieh mMn lvWgy Aqy ies ivc pUrw XkIn krn l`g pvWgy qW Aws bxdI hY ik Awpxy b`icAW dI pVHweI sMbMDI hor vI gMBIrqw nwl socxw SurU krWgy[

(e) CotI aumr dy b`cy vwsqy iek qoN v`D BwSw is`Kxw="AnmolLipi">(e) CotI aumr dy b`cy vwsqy iek qoN v`D BwSw is`Kxw ausdy bOiDk Aqy Akwdimk ivkws ivc swDk hY jW bwDk?

tI. mYknwmI Aqy AYc. vwHeIt dI Koj dy hvwly nwl ieh g`l pihlW kIqI jw cu`kI hY ik b`cy dI AwpxI mwq-BwSw ivc muhwrq ausnMU dUjI BwSw is`Kx ivc shwieqw krdI hY[ pr ies msly bwry hor ivsQwr ivc ivcwrnw zrUrI hY ikauNik b`cy vloN SurU dy swlW dOrwn skUl ivc iek qoN v`D BwSw is`Kx dy svwl au~qy vI ivdvwnW ivc v`KrIAW v`KrIAW rwvW hn[

knyfw dy jwxy pCwxy BwSw ivigAwnI ijMm kimMnz ny ienHW ivcwrW nMU do mwflW rwhIN pyS kIqw hY[ pihly mwfl Anuswr ieh g`l mMnI jWdI sI ik b`cy ivc BwSw is`Kx dI Xogqw sImq huMdI hY[ jdoN auh iek BwSw is`Kdw hY qW is`ty vjoN auh dUjI ivc kmzor ho jWdw hY[ nqIjy vjoN b`cw dovW ivc kmzor ho jWdw hY[ ies dy mukwbly jy b`cw iek hI BwSw is`K irhw hovy qW auh aus ivc izAwdw huiSAwr hovygw[ ies phuMc nMU auh bYlYNs iePYkt iQaUrI dw nW idMdw hY[ ausdw kihxw hY ik ividAk AdwirAW vloN ieh phuMc kwPI vjndwr smJI jWdI sI Aqy ies nMU rwjnIqk huMgwrw vI pUrw imldw sI:

“jdoN G`t igxqI b`icAW dIAW ividAw dIAW sm`isAwvW au~pr bYlYNs iePYkt iQaUrI lwgU kIqI jWdI sI qW ieh kwPI auic`q jwpdI sI ikauNik ieh swbq huMdw sI ik jdoN b`cy dUjI BwSw (AYl 2) is`Kdy sn qW auh pihlI BwSw (AYl 1) ivc kmzor ho jWdy sn[ ieh g`l is`iKAw SwsqrIAW vwsqy vI TIk bihMdI sI ikauNik ies nwl b`icAW dI dUjI BwSw (AYl 2) ivc nwkwmXwbI nMU aunHW dI pihlI BwSw (AYl 1) dw ksUr mMn ilAw jWdw sI[”

nqIjy vjoN hor mulkW dI qrHW knyfw ivc vI G`t igxqI bolIAW dI ividAw nMU skUlW ivc mwnqw hI nhIN sI id`qI jWdI sgoN ies nUM hr hIly inrauqswh kIqw jWdw sI[ pr ijMm kimMnz dUjy mwfl ivc ieh drswauNdw hY ik nvIN Koj ny ies iQaUrI nMU r`d kr id`qw hY[ dUjy mwfl nMU auh iQMk tYNk dw nW idMdw hY[ aus Anuswr nvIN Koj ieh is`ty k`FdI hY:

1         G`t igxqI b`cy dI pihlI BwSw AYl 1 leI, Gr jW skUl ivc l`gw smW iksy qrHW vI AYl 2 dI pVHweI ivc rukwvt nhIN bxdw[

2         aunHW G`t igxqI b`icAW ivcoN ijhVy isrP AYl 2 vwly skUlW ivc pVHweI ivc kmzor huMdy hn, G`t igxqI b`cy dI pihlI BwSw AYl 1 nMU skUl ivc vVwvw dyx nwl b`cy dI AYl 2 dI Akwdimk Xogqw ivc vwDw huMdw hY[

3         jdoN donW zbwnW ivc muhwrq v`DdI rhy qW duBwiSqw (bweIlYNguilzm) Aqy doNh BwSw ivc pVHn dI Xogqw (bweIiltrysI) ivAkqI dy bOiDk Aqy Akwdimk ivkws leI PwiedymMd swbq huMdIAW hn[

au~pr id`qy ivcwrW qoN ieh g`l swP ho jWdI hY ik b`cy nMU Gr Aqy skUl ivc do BwSw is`Kx ivc nw qW koeI muSkl AwauNdI hY qy nw hI ieh iksy qrHW ausdy ivkws ivc roVw AtkwauNdI hY[ sgoN ies dy ault ieh ausdy bOiDk Aqy Akwdimk ivkws ivc shwiek is`D huMdIAW hn[

(s) pMjwbI BwSw dI jwxkwrI b`icAW dy knyfIAn jIvn ivc iks iksm dw Aqy iks qrHW vwDw krygI?    jW
pMjwbI BwSw dI jwxkwrI nMU auh ik`Qy Aqy iks qrHW vrqoN ivc ilAwauxgy?

ieh svwl vI Awpxy Awp ivc gMBIr ivcwr dI mMg krdy hn[ ies sMdrB ivc kuJ g`lW qW swP hn ijvyN ik: pMjwbI dI jwxkwrI b`icAW nMU aunHW dy ipCokV nMU smJx Aqy aus nwl juVn ivc shweI hovygI; b`cy Awpxy mwipAW Aqy irSqydwrW nwl hor nyVqw vwlw nwqw kwiem krn Xog hoxgy; auh pMjwbI swihq, sMgIq, nwtk, iPlm Awid nMU izAwdw mwx skxgy; iek qoN v`D bolIAW dI Xogqw aunHW nMU isrP iek bolI jwnx vwly ivAkqI dy mukwbly ivc byhqr bxwvygI; b`cy dw ij`Qy svYmwx vDygw au~Qy auh dUjIAW bolIAW Aqy siBAwcwrW p®iq ishqmMd sUJ Aqy phuMc Apxweygw, Awid[

pr ies sMdrB ivc kuJ g`lW AijhIAW vI hn ijnHW nMU AsIN Ajy iDAwn nwl ivcwirAw nhIN[ ipCly kuJ virHAW dOrwn vYnkUvr dy Aws pws skUlW ivc nvIN BwSw nIqI l`gU krvwaux leI kIqIAW koiSSW dOrwn swnMU pMjwbI mwipAW dy ivcwr jwnx dw mOkw imilAw[ audwhrn vjoN, swnMU ies g`l dw pqw l`gw ik bhuq swry pMjwbI mwipAW nMU jy skUl ivc pMjwbI jW PrWsIsI ivcoN iek dI cox krnI pvy qW auh PrWsIsI nUM qrjIh dyxgy[ auh suqy-is`D hI ieh socdy hn ik PrWsIsI knyfw dI dUjI AwPISl BwSw hY Aqy ies dI jwxkwrI nwl swfy b`icAW leI nOkrI dy mOky v`D jwxgy[ pr ies sMbMD ivc swfI Koj v`Kry is`ty k`FdI hY[ audwhrn vjoN, srI bI sI ivc rihx vwly pMjwbI b`cy vwsqy nOkrI ivc pMjwbI dI jwxkwrI nwl izAwdw mOky bxdy hn[ PrWsIsI dI jwxkwrI bhuqIAW PYfrl nOkrIAW ivc kMm AwvygI[ ieh nOkrIAW vwsqy XUnIvristI dI ifgrI dI zrUrq vI pvygI[ XUnIvristI jwx vwlw b`cw dUijAW iviSAW dy nwl PrWsIsI vI is`K skdw hY, jy ausdw ruJwn iksy PYfrl srkwr dI nOkrI v`l hovy[ swfy leI dyKx vwlI g`l (BwvyN mwpy vwsqy ieh mMnxI AOKI hY) ieh hY ik nw qW hr b`cw XUnIvristI jwvygw Aqy nw hI XUnIvristI gey hr b`cy nMU PYfrl srkwr dI nOkrI imlygI[ dUjy pwsy pMjwbI dI jwxkwrI aus vwsqy srI ivc hI hweI skUl dI ividAw nwl vI lwhyvMd ho skdI hY[ audwhrn vjoN, kuJ swl pihlW nOkrIAW Aqy BwSw sMbMDI hoey iek srvy Anuswr iek`lI srI ivc do hzwr qoN v`D AijhIAW nOkrIAW dI inSwndyhI kIqI d`sI geI hY ijnHW nMU p®wpq krn vwsqy A`Cy p`Dr dI pMjwbI bolI dI jwxkwrI loVINdI hY[ eysy qrHW p®OPYsr mYrI AYSvrQ vloN iqAwr kIqy iek cwrt Anuswr cwlI dy krIb mu`K ik`qy hn ijnHW ivc b`cy dI hYrItyj BwSw nOkrI dy sMbMD ivc shwiek BUimkw inBw skdI hY[ so ies nzrIey nwl dyiKAW swfy b`icAW vwsqy pMjwbI BwSw dI jwxkwrI AwriQk p`KoN vI lwhyvMd ho skdI hY[

(h) kI swfy b`icAW nMU pMjwbI pVHwaux leI knyfIAn smwj dI vI koeI izMmyvwrI bxdI hY?

AsIN hux q`k sucyq jW Acyq qOr au~qy Awpxy b`icAW nMU pMjwbI BwSw dI ividAw dyx dI izMmyvwrI dw Bwr bhuqw Awpxy hI moiFAW au~qy cu`kI iPrdy rhy hW[ swfy leI zrUrI hY ik AsIN ies izMmyvwrI nMU muV ivcwrIey[ knyfw ny 1971 ivc srkwrI qOr au~qy Awpxy Awp nMU bhu-siBAwcwrk BweIcwrw mMn ilAw sI[ AMgRyzI Aqy PrWsIsI siBAwcwrW dy nwl nwl AwidvwsI Aqy dunIAW dy hor dysW qoN eyQy Aw vsy lokW dy siBAwcwrW nMU knyfw dy smwj dw ih`sw mMn ilAw igAw Aqy aunHW nMU eyQy siqkwr nwl rihx Aqy v`Dx Pu`lx dw h`k id`qw igAw[ Aws qW ieh sI ik bhu-siBAwcwrk BweIcwry nMU hOlI hOlI bhu-BwSweI smwj vjoN vI mwnqw imlygI pr Aijhw Ajy ho nhIN sikAw[

ies ivc koeI S`k nhIN hY ik knyfw dI bhu-siBAwcwrk nIqI Awpxy Awp ivc iek byh`d sulwhuxXog nIqI hY[ ieh iesy nIqI dw hI nqIjw hY ik knyfw dunIAW Br ivcoN mukwblqn iek vDIAw brwbrqw vwlw smwj igixAw jWdw hY[ pr ies bhu-siBAwcwrk nIqI dIAW AwpxIAW h`dW hn[ v`Kry siBAwcwrW leI hor vI h`kW dI AiBlwSw r`Kx vwly lok bhu-siBAwcwrk nIqI dI Alocnw ivc Aksr kihMdy hn ik ieh nIqI gIq nwc (sONg AYNf fWs) qoN A`gy nhIN jWdI[ swfy vwsqy vI zrUrI hY ik AsIN ies nIqI dy bwhrI p®Bwv qoN hI AcMBq nw hoey rhIey sgoN ies nMU Alocnwqmk nzrIey nwl GoKIey[ BwSwvW dy sMbMD ivc ijhVI g`l swhmxy AwauNdI hY auh hY ik ies nIqI ny AMgRyzI Aqy PrWsIsI qoN ibnW dUjIAW BwSwvW nMU au~nq krn leI bhuqw kuJ nhIN kIqw sgoN bhuq swry lokW nMU ‘sB kuJ TIk Twk’ hox dw BulyKw pw ky inh`Qy kr id`qw hY[ ies nIqI kwrn AsIN ih`k Tok ky ieh nhIN kih skdy ik BwSwvW dy ivkws v`l iDAwn nw dyxw knyfIAn smwj dw BwSweI ivqkrw hY[ audwhrn vjoN, ies dy mukwbly ivc AsIN ieMglYNf dy pMjwbI BweIcwry dy ivcwr dyK skdy hW[ ieMglYNf dy bhuq swry lyKkW ny BwSw sMbMDI ivcwr pyS kridAW vwr vwr au~QoN dI srkwr Aqy smwj nUM ies p`K ivc ksUrvwr TihrwieAw hY Aqy nslvwdI, bsqIvwdI Awid ivSySxW nwl drswieAw hY[ audwhrn vjoN, mWgq Bwrdvwj Aqy nirMdr isMG dw lyK ‘brqwnIAW ivc pMjwbI bolI dI sMBwl, sm`isAwvW qy cuxOqIAW’ dyiKAw jw skdw hY[ lyKk kihMdy hn: “G`t igxqI bolIAW Aqy siBAwcwrW dI hoNd nMU jo dyS ivc Kqrw bixAW hoieAw hY ausdy v`K v`K pihlUAW nUM AsIN duSmx, s`p, A`g, bImwrI nW dy cwr isrlyKW ADIn smJx dw Xqn krWgy”[ A`gy jw ky “duSmx‘ dy isrlyK Q`ly auh ilKdy hn:

brqwnvI swmrwj Kqm hox nwl swmrwjI mwniskqw Aqy soc nhIN mrI[ A`j vI ies dyS dI Swied 90 p®qISwq qoN vI v`D vsoN dw id®V ivSvws hY ik brqwnvI siBAqw Aqy kdrW kImqW, cmVI dw ic`tw rMg Aqy eIsweI Drm sB qoN au~qm hn Aqy iehnW mwpdMfW nwl hI hr cIz nUM nwipAw jwxw cwhIdw hY[ ijhVI vI BwSw, siBAwcwr, kdrW, cmVI dw rMg Aqy Drm ienHW qoN v`K hn, auh sB GtIAw hn[

eysy qrHW hI inrMjn isMG nUr dw kihxw hY: “A`j dy brqwnIAw ivc vI BwSweI qy siBAwcwrk bsqIvwd kwiem hY”[ ies ivSy bwry ilKI gurbcn isMG dI do sO sPy dI ikqwb ‘lYNgUeyj, rys AYNf AYjUkySn’ hY jo hor BwSwvW dy nwl nwl pMjwbI BwSw dI ieMglYNf ivc siQqI bwry ivcwr pyS krdI hY[ pI. ey. isMG GuMmx dI pusqk ‘eySIAn tIcrz ien ibRitS skUlz’ ivc vI pMjwbI BwSw bwry crcw kIqI imldI hY[ ienHW swry lyKkW ny bwhroN Awey siBAwcwrW Aqy BwSwvW ivru`D ieMglYNf ivc pweI jWdI nPrq dw swP swP SbdW ivc vrnx kIqw hY[

ieMglYNf dy mukwbly AsIN knyfw ivc knyfIAn srkwr Aqy smwj vlW Aijhy ivcwr p®gtwaux qoN kMnI kqrwauNdy hW (BwvyN 70ivAW Aqy 80ivAW dy SurU ivc siQqI ieh nhIN sI)[ Aijhw nhIN hY ik knyfIAn smwj ivc ieMglYNf dy ic`ty smwj vwly ruJwn nhIN hn[ pr ieh ruJwn bhu-siBAwcwrk nIqI dy ip`Cy luk gey hn[ ieMglYNf dI audwhrn dyx qoN ieh mksd vI nhIN ik AsIN au~T ky knyfIAn smwj nUM gwlW k`FxIAW SurU kr deIey[ pr swfy vwsqy zrUrI hY ik AsIN bhu-siBAwcwrvwd dI AslIAq nMU pCwxIey Aqy aus muqwibk phuMc ApxweIey[

knyfw ivc dUjIAW BwSwvW nMU brwbr dy h`k idvwaux vwsqy XUrp qoN Awey dUjIAW BwSwvW dy lokW, Kws kr XukrynIAn Aqy ietYlIAnW vloN lMmy smyN qoN kIqI j`do-jihd vI Ajy koeI KuSgvwr is`ty nhIN k`F skI[ pr aunHW vloN ies pwsy v`l koiSSW bMMd nhIN hoeIAW[ auh ies is`ty au~qy phuMc cu`ky jwpdy hn ik mwq-BwSw dI is`iKAw dI izMmyvwrI knyfIAn smwj dy isr hY[ ies sMbMD ivc romw cumwk-hOrbYS dw lyK “dw XukrynIAn lYNgUeyj ien kYnyfw”, XukryynIAn lokW vloN AwpxI mwq-BwSw nMU sWBx leI kIqI lMmI j`do-jihd dy vyrvy idMdw hY[knyfw ivc AMgRyzI Aqy PrWsIsI ibnW dUjIAW bolIAW nUM Ajy q`k pUrI qrHW knyfIAn nhIN svIkwr kIqw igAw[ ividAk AdwirAW ivc ienHW bolIAW bwry g`l krn leI kdy ‘Pwrn lYNgUeyjz’, kdy ‘mwfrn lYNgUeyjz’, kdy ‘ieMtrnYSnl lYNgueyjz’, kdy ‘hom lYNgUeyjz’, kdy ‘mdr tMg’ Aqy kdy ‘hYrItyj lYNgueyjz’ dy nW nwl muKwqb kIqw jWdw hY[ ienHW nUM Ajy knyfIAn BwSwvW nhIN mMinAw jwx l`gw[ dUjIAW keI BwSwvW qW swfy qoN vI pihlW dIAW ies dyS dw ih`sw hn[ pMjwbI bolI nUM ies dyS ivc boilAW jWidAW iek sdI qoN au~pr ho igAw hY[ ieh bolI isrP pMjwbI GrW ivc hI nhIN, bhuq swry sWJy pbilk sQwnW Aqy kwrobwrW ivc vrqoN ivc AwauNdI hY[ bI sI ivc l`kVI dIAW im`lW Aqy PwrmW qoN ibnW hor vI AnykW Aijhy kwrobwr hn ij`Qy ieh bolI vrqI jWdI hY Aqy iesdI vrqoN nwl bI sI dI AwriQk srgrmI c`ldI hY[ ieh g`l EntYrIE jW ij`Qy vI pMjwbI lok vsdy hn, bwry vI aunI hI shI hY[ ieh vI ies bolI dI ies mulk nUM dyx hY[ pr Ajy q`k bdly ivc ies mulk ny ies nMU Awpxy smwj dw ih`sw smJxw (Cu`t kuJ h`d q`k bI sI qoN) SurU nhIN kIqw[

mwq-BwSw dI p®oVqw krn vwly lokW dy ivcwr ivc: “AwpxI mwq-BwSw dI is`iKAw ivAkqI dw mu`Flw mnu`KI AiDkwr hY, ijs nMU ies qoN A`gy jwiez Tihrwaux (ilijtmySn) dI loV nhIN hY”[ so iek mu`Fly mnu`KI AiDkwr dI mMg krnw iksy qrHW vI njwiez nhIN hY[ qy mu`Fly mnu`KI AiDkwrW dI rwKI krnw knyfIAn smwj dI hI izMmyvwrI bxdI hY[ pr dUijAW h`kW vWg ieh h`k hwsl krn vwsqy vI cyqn qOr ’qy j`do-jihd krn dI loV hY[ ijvyN ipCly pihry ivc id`qI jwxkwrI qoN zwhr hY ieh j`do-jihd isrP pMjwbI lokW dI AwpxI zbwn Kwqr hI nhIN, dUjy lok vI AwpxIAW BwSwvW bwry icMqwqur hn, sgoN swfy nwloN ikqy izAwdw[

pr jy AsIN Ajy q`k ies pwsy loVINdw iDAwn nhIN dy sky qW vI ies ivc idl Cotw krn vwlI jW inrwS hox vwlI vI g`l nhIN hY[ BwSw dy h`kW bwry ies iksm dI cyqnw mukwblqn nvIN hY[ ieh g`l idlscpI vwlI Aqy hONslw dyx vwlI vI hY ik skUtnwb-kWgws Aqy ijMm kimMnz vloN sMpwidq pusqk (ijs ivcoN ies lyK ivc keI hvwly id`qy gey hn) dw nW aunHW ny ‘PrOm Sym tU str`gl’ r`iKAw[ swnMU vI AwpxI BwSw dy sMbMD ivc ieh sPr qih krnw pvygw[ swfy vwsqy ieh hor vI muSkl hY ikauNik AsIN qW AwpxI BwSw sMbMMDI bhuq kuJ gulwmI vwlw nwl leI iPrdy hW[ AsIN (BwrqI) qW keI vwrI lwrf mkwly dy iksy smyN ley supny dw swkwr rUp hI idsdy hW[ mkwly ny fyV sO swl pihlW supnw ilAw sI ik auh BwrqIAW dI iek AijhI jmwq pYdw krygw, “ijhVI KUn Aqy rMg vjoN BwrqI hovygI, pr suAwd, rwie, is`iKAw Aqy bu`DI ivc ieMgilS hovygI”[ so loV hY swnMU Awpxy ipCokV dIAW nWh-p`KI g`lW nMU iqlWjlI dyx dI Aqy BwSw sMbMDI Awpxy bxdy h`kW nMU hwsl krn vwsqy dUjy lokW nwl moFw joVn dI[

ies sMdrB ivc XukrynIAn, cInI Aqy hor BwSwvW dy lokW dw qjrbw swfy leI lwhyvMd ho skdw hY[ knyfw dy qkrIbn hr sUby ivc hI AijhIAW jQybMdIAW hn ijhVIAW hYrItyj BwSwvW dy h`kW vwsqy j`do-jihd kr rhIAW hn[ ieh jQybMdIAW Awm qOr au~qy do iksm dIAW hn[ iek qW hr BwSw dy lokW dIAW AwpxIAW AMdrUnI jQybMdIAW hn Aqy dUjIAW kuJ sWJIAW jQybMMdIAW hn ijnHW ivc v`KrIAW bolIAW dy lok rL ky Awpxy h`kW vwsqy j`do-jihd krdy hn[ ies pwsy byh`d srgrmI nwl kMm krn vwlIAW sWJIAW jQybMMdIAW ivcoN kuJ ieh hn: bI sI ivc bI sI hYrItyj lYNgUeyj AYsosIeySn (bI sI AYc AYl ey), Albrtw ivc swaUQ Albrtw hYrItyj lYNgUeyj AYsosIeySn (AYs ey AYc AYl ey), sYskYcvwn ivc sYskYcvwn AwrgynweIzySn Pwr hYrItyj lYNgUeyj (AYs E AYc AYl), mYnItobw ivc mYnItobw AYsosIeySn Pwr dw promoSn AwP AYNsYstrl lYNgUeyjs (AYm ey pI ey AYl)[ mYnItobw dI jQybMdI hYrItyj rIvIaU nW dw mYgzIn 1985 qoN lgwqwr k`F rhI hY jo hYrItyj BwSwvW dy sMbMD ivc swriQk sm`grI Cwpdw hY[ eysy qrHW dUjy sUibAW ivc vI AijhIAW jQybMdIAW hn[ knyfIAn lYNgueyjz AYsosIeySn (sI AYl ey) nYSnl p`Dr dI jQybMdI hY[ ieh jQybMdIAW lgwqwrqw nwl AwpsI qwlmyl vwsqy mIitMgW Aqy kWnPrMsW krdIAW hn[ audwhrn vjoN, bI sI AYc AYl ey hr swl vYnkUvr ivc iek kWnPrMs krdI hY[ ipCly kuJ swlW qoN AwpxI kimaUintI ivcoN vI kuJ lok ies ivc ih`sw lY rhy hn[

(k) kI AMgRyzI jW hor zbwnW dy mukwbly pMjwbI iek p`CVI (pirmitv) BwSw hY?

BwvyN is`Dw svwl krn auprMq koeI vI ieh mMnygw nhIN ik AMgRyzI jW hor zbwnW dy mukwbly au~qy pMjwbI p`CVI hoeI zbwn hY[ pr sMBv hY ikqy nw ikqy Acyq-mn ivc AsIN ieh g`l mMnI bYTy hoeIey[ AslIAq ieh hY ik pMjwbI swihqk Kyqr dy kuJ lokW nMU C`f ky bhuq G`t pMjwbI hn ijhVy pUry Brosy nwl pMjwbI dy h`k ivc KVH skx jW jzbwqI p`Dr qoN A`gy pMjwbI au~pr mwx kr skx[ hornW kwrnW dy nwl nwl ieh vI iek kwrn hY ik pMjwb ivc au~c p`Dr dI pVHweI ivc Ajy vI pMjwbI dI vrqoN krn qoN guryz kIqw jWdw hY[ kuJ smW pihlW pMjwb dI AkwlI srkwr vloN pihlI jmwq qoN AMgRyzI dI pVHweI SurU krn dw PYslw BwvyN ivhwrk (prYgmYitk) soc dy AwDwr au~qy kIqw igAw hY pr sMBv hY ik aunHW dy mnW AMdr vI pMjwbI bwry koeI Ajyhy ivcwr Cupy hoey hox jW sMBv hY lwrf mkwly dw BUq hI CuipAw hoieAw hovy[ AkwlIAW dI gulwm zihnIAq dw hokw idMdI ies GnOxI hrkq dy ivru`D kuJ lyKkW Aqy bu`DIjIvIAW ny qW zrUr Awvwz auTweI hY pr Awm lok AMdroN AMdrI ies dy h`k ivc jwpdy hn[ ies kwrvweI ivru`D Awm lokW vloN iksy iksm dy gu`sy dI Awvwz dw nw Awauxw G`to G`t iehI S`k pwauNdw hY[ so ies sMdrB ivc zrUrI hY ik BwvyN bhuqy lokW nMU ieh g`l vwDU hI jwpy pr myry iKAwl ivc sMswr dIAW BwSwvW dy AwpsI sMbMDW bwry BwSw ivigAwnIAW dI rwie duhrwauxI eyQy kuQW nhIN hovygI[ iek vwr iPr tov skUtnwb-kWgws Anuswr:

BwSw-ivigAwn dy nzrIey qoN iksy smUh dy lokW vloN bolIAW jWdIAW sB boolIAW dw ieko ijhw mu`l jW kdr huMdI hY[ swrIAW bolIAW qwrikk (lOjIkl), sMigAwnk (kOgnItvlI) p`KoN guMJldwr Aqy iksy vI iKAwl nMU AiBivAkq krn Xog huMdIAW hn jy aunHW dy ivkws vwsqy loVINdy swDn lwey gey hox (hor g`lW dy nwl nwl nvINAW Swbidk rcnwvW krn ivc)[ ‘pirmitv lYNgUeyj’ nW dI koeI cIz nhIN hY[ BwSw-ivigAwn dy AwDwr au~qy swrIAW bolIAW dy ieko ijhy h`k ho skdy hn, aunHW nMU pUrI qrHW is`Kx dIAW ieko ijhIAW sMBwvnwvW ho skdIAW hn, bolIAW, iesdI vrqoN krn vwilAW vloN, hr iksm dIAW siQqIAW ivc vrqx Aqy ivkws Xog huMdIAW hn[

knyfw ivc jMm pL rhy pMjwbI b`icAW nMU pMjwbI BwSw dI is`iKAw dyx dI loV bwry au~pr kIqI geI crcw isrP kuJ hI svwlW dy jvwb Bwlx dw mu`Flw Xqn hY[ ies pwsy v`l hor izAwdw Koj Aqy iDAwn dyx dI loV hY[ hux Agly ih`sy ivc knyfw ivc pMjwbI BwSw dI mOjUdw siQqI, Kws kr ibRitS kolMbIAw AMdr pYdw hoeIAW sMBwvnwvW au~pr crcw kIqI jwvygI[

2.  mOjUdw siQqI

(lyK dw ieh ih`sw myry lyK bI sI dy skUlW ivc pMjwbI BwSw dI pVHweI au~qy AwDwrq hY)

knyfw Br ivc pMjwbI BwSw dI mOjUdw siQqI bwry ivcwr krn leI zrUrI hY ik v`Kry v`Kry ielwikAW ivcoN loVINdI jwxkwrI iek`qr kIqI jwvy[ mYN smyN Aqyy soimAW dI G`t kwrn Aijhw krn dw hIAw nhIN kr sikAw[ pr ij`QoN q`k myry Awpxy sUby, bI sI ivc, pMjwbI BwSw dy ivkws dw sMbMD hY myry kol loVINdI jwxkwrI hY jo mYN quhwfy nwl sWJI krnI cwhMudw hW[ mYN Aijhw prBwv qW nhIN dyxw cwhuMdw ik hwQI dI pYV ivc sB dI pYV Aw jWdI hY, jwxI ik jy AsIN ivsQwr ivc bI sI bwry ivcwr kr leIey qW swnMU knyfw ivc pMjwbI bolI dy ivkws bwry igAwn ho skdw hY[ auNj ies nzrIey dy p`K ivc mYN ieh kih skdw hW ik knyfw Br ivcoN jW au~qrI AmrIkw ivcoN hI nhIN, sgoN pMjwb qoN bwhr dy iksy vI ielwky ivc pMjwbI nMUM aus p`Dr dI mwnqw p®wpq nhIN hoeI jo ies nMU bI sI ivc hoeI hY[ hyTW mYN sMKyp ivc ies mh`qvpUrn p®wpqI bwry crcw krWgw[

knyfw dy pwCmI q`t dyy sUby ibRitS kolMbIAw dw pMjwbIAW vwsqy ivSyS mh`qv hY[ ieh auh sUbw hY ij`Qy sO swl pihlW pMjwbIAW ny Aw ky vsxw SurU kIqw[ s`TivAW dy AKIr q`k knyfw ivc pMjwbIAW dI vsoN isrP ies hI sUby ivc sI[ BwvyN QoVHI igxqI ivc hI shI, ies sUby ivc pMjwbIAW dIAW keI pIVHIAW jMmIAW pLIAW hn[ nqIjy vjoN ibRitS kolMbIAw ivc vsx vwly pMjwbI Swied dUijAW sUibAW ivc vsx vwly pMjwbIAW nwloN knyfw nwl iek v`KrI iksm dI sWJ mihsUs krdy hn[ A`j jdoN ik knyfw dy hornW SihrW qy sUibAW ivc vI pMjwbI v`fI igxqI ivc rih rhy hn, swfy vwsqy bI sI qy vYnkUvr dI mh`qqw iksy vI qrHW GtI nhIN hY[ bI sI ivc AMgRyzI Aqy cInI qoN bwAd pMjwbI qIjy nMbr qy bolI jwx vwlI BwSw dy qOr au~qy sQwpq ho cu`kI hY[ ieh Awpxy Awp ivc CotI g`l nhIN hY[ ies igxqI Aqy sO swl dy ieiqhws ny pMjwbIAW nMU kuJ h`d q`k AwriQk Aqy Kws kr rwjnIqk p`Dr au~qy kwmXwb hox ivc shwieqw kIqI hY[ sUbweI srkwr ivc pMjwbIAW dI ipCly keI swlW qoN izkrXog hoNd hY Aqy v`fI p`Dr dy srkwrI AhuidAW, minstrIAW Aqy pRImIAr dI p`dvI q`k pMjwbI AwpxI Xogqw dw pRmwx dy cu`ky hn[ bI sI dy rih cu`ky pRImIAr au~jl dosWJ, minstr moA shoqw Aqy hYrI isMG lwlI Aqy PYfrl p`Dr ’qy hrb DwlIvwl bI sI dy pMjwbIAW leI hI nhIN sgoN smu`cI knyfIAn kimaUintI ivc izkrXog nW hn[Aqy hux bI sI dI srkwr ivc gulzwr cImw smyq keI AYm AYl ey cuxy gey hn jo ies sUby ivc pMjwbIAW dIAW p`kIAW jVHW dw sbUq hn[ ies siQqI ny pMjwbI BwSw dy ivkws vwsqy vI inrsMdyh rwh moklw kIqw hY[

ij`QoN q`k pihlI pIVHI ivc pMjwbI bolI dI vrqoN dw sMbMD hY au~Qy vYnkUvr jW bI sI dI siQqI trWto jW EntYrIE ivclI pMjwbI kimaUintI nwloN koeI izAwdw v`KrI nhIN hY[ sUbweI srkwr Aqy bhuq swrIAW gYr srkwrI eyjMsIAW vloN pMjwbI kimaUintI nwl qwlmyl krn vwsqy pMjwbI bolI dI vrqoN ivc Swied vYnkUvr Aqy bI sI knyfw dy dUjy QwvW nwloN A`gy hox[ vYnkUvr ivc hux kwPI igxqI lok kcihrIAW, hspqwlW, iemIgrySn Aqy vrkrz kMpnsySn borf dy dPqrW Awid ivc doBwSIey dw kMm krky AwpxI rozI kmw rhy hn[ iesy qrHW kwPI igxqI ivc lok AMgRyzI qoN pMjwbI Anuvwd krky Aqy kMipaUtr au~qy pMjwbI tweIp krky vI kmweI kr rhy hn[ hux kuJ lok skUlW ivc pMMjwbI pVHwaux dy ik`qy ivc nOkrIAW hwsl kr rhy hn[ ieh qW kuJ inrol pMjwbI nwl sMbMDq ik`qy hn, ies qoN ibnW AnykW srkwrI Aqy gYr srkwrI Adwry hn ij`Qy pMjwbI dI jwxkwrI nOkrI ivc shweI huMdI hY[

bI sI ivc pMjwbI bolI dI is`iKAw dy sMbMD ivc jo p®wpqIAW hoeIAW hn jW ies pwsy jo sMBwvnwvW pYdw hoeIAW hn auh Swied dUijAW sUibAW ivc Ajy nhIN ho skIAW[ ijvyN pihlW vI izkr kIqw igAw hY ik ies pwsy v`l gurdvwirAW dw Xogdwn ivSyS hY[ ies dy nwl hI vYnkUvr, srI Aqy AYbtsPorf dy ielwikAW ivc Kwlsw skUlW dw sQwpq hoxw ij`Qy pMjwbI BwSw dI pVHweI vI krvweI jWdI hY, Awpxy Awp ivc slwhux Xog kdm hn[ XUnIvristI AwP ibRitS kolMbIAw ivc 1987 qoN pMjwbI BwSw dI pVHweI c`l rhI hY[ ie`Qy pMMjwbI dy iqMn p`Dr dy kors pVHwey jWdy hn[ ieh klwsW pihlW is`K pMjwbI cyAr dy Q`ly c`ldIAW sn Aqy hux 1997 qoN XU bI sI dy eySIAn st`fIz fIpwrtmYNt vwloN pMjwbI BwSw dI pVHweI nMU cyAr qoN v`K krky Awpxy p®ogrwm iv`c Swml kr ilAw igAw hY ijs nwl pMjwbI dI pVHweI dy isroN cyAr nwl sMbMDq Kqrw tl igAw hY[ eysy qrHW vYnkUvr dI sweImn Pryzr XUnIvristI v`loN vI pMjwbI BwSw dy do kors SurU ho cu`ky hn[ ieh kors BwSw isKwlx dI iek v`KrI ivDI, AYs AweI AYl pI (sYlP ieMstr`kSnl lYNgueyj p®ogrwm) dy ADIn SurU kIqy gey hn[ ienHW vwsqy XUnIvristI nMU rYgUlr AiDAwpk r`Kx dI zrUrq nhIN hY[ XUnIvristI dw inSwnw kMipaUtr dI shwieqw nwl pMjwbI dy cwr swlW dy jW cwr p`DrW dy kors pVHwaux dw hY[ ies mksd leI kimaUintI XUnIvristI nwl myljol r`K rhI hY Aqy mwiek shwieqw vI kr rhI hY[ ipCly kuJ smyN qoN vYnkUvr Aqy Aws pws dy kwljW vloN vI pMjwbI pVHwaux dI pySkS Aw rhI hY pr kimaUintI vloN ies pwsy loVINdw iDAwn nhIN id`qw igAw[

bI sI srkwr dy is`iKAw mihkmy v`loN 1994 ivc AwpxI nvIN BwSw nIqI dw AYlwn kIqw igAw[ ies nwl pMjwbI BwSw dI pVHweI dIAW nvIAW qy iek v`KrI p`Dr dIAW sMBwvnwvW pYdw ho geIAW ijnHW dw pihlW ikAws vI nhIN sI kIqw jw skdw[ bI sI dI ies nvIN BwSw nIqI Anuswr pMjwbI aunHW Cy bolIAW ivcoN iek hY ijhVIAW bI sI dy skUlW ivc dUjIAW bolIAW dy qOr au~qy pVHweIAW jwxIAW hn[ ies mksd leI cuxIAW geIAW dUjIAW zbwnW hn PrWsIsI, spynI, jrmn, cInI Aqy jwpwnI[ ies nvIN BwSw nIqI Anuswr bI sI ivc ividAw p®wpq kr rhy hr ividAwrQI vwsqy gryf 5 qoN lY ky 8 q`k AMgRyzI qoN ibnW iek hor zbwn is`KxI zrUrI hY[ ividAwrQI ienHW zbwnW dI ividAw gryf 9 qoN 12 q`k vI cwlU r`K skdy hn[ auh ieh zbwnW gryf 9, 10 jW 11 ivc iek ielYkitv ivSy dy qOr au~qy vI pVH skdy hn[ ijhVy ividAwrQI pihlW pMjwbI jwxdy hn auh ies dw krYift lYx vwsqy cYlMj AYNf iekuvlYNsI dy ADIn kors cYlMj kr skdy hn Aqy pMjwbI BwSw ivc AwpxI Xogqw Anuswr mwnqw p®wpq kr skdy hn[ bI sI dy gryf 12 dy sUbweI iemiqhwnW ivc pMjwbI dw gryf 12 dw iemiqhwn vI Swml hY[ ieh iemiqhwn ilKx vwly ividAwrQIAW dI igxqI BwvyN Ajy eynI izAwdw nhIN pr ieh hr swl v`D rhI hY[ XU bI sI vloN pMjwbI BwSw nMU dUjIAW BwSwvW dy brwbr mwnqw dy id`qI geI hY[ ividAwrQIAW nMU XUnIvristI ivc dwKl hox smyN ijs qrHW dUjIAW BwSwvW jwnx bdly krYift imldw hY auh pMjwbI bdly vI imlygw[

bI sI vloN AYlwnI nvIN pwilsI ADIn AsUln qOr au~qy pMjwbI nMU dUjIAW bolIAW dy brwbr dw drjw dy id`qw igAw hY pr pwilsI nMU lwgU krvwaux ivc kuJ AmlI AVcnW hn[ eyQoN dy skUlI ividAw FWcy dy Aml Anuswr sUby dI srkwr ny nIqI nUM lwgU krn dw kMm Awpxy h`Q lYx dI QW skUl borfW Aqy aus qoN vI A`gy skUlW dy h`Q dy id`qw hY[ ieh kihxw auicq nhIN ik ieh kMm aunHW ny jwx bu`J ky pMjwbI kimaUintI nMUM AOiKAW krn vwsqy kIqw hY[ auNj dyiKAw jwvy qW ieh Aml hY bVw is`Dw qy swP[ skUl ivc pVHdy b`icAW dy mwpy AwpxI loV, ies kys ivc pMjwbI bolI pVHwey jwx dI loV, skUl dy ip®MsIpl nMU d`sx[ auhnMU mMnw ky, jwxI ik knivMs krw ky aus rwhIN skUl borf q`k phuMc krn[ bhuqI vwrI jy skUl dw/dI ip®MsIpl quhwfy nwl sihmq ho jwvy qW A`goN dw Aml auh Kud vI kr skdw/skdI hY[ ies qoN A`gy skUl borf jy quhwfI mMg nwl sihmq ho jwvy qW loVINdI kwrvweI kr ky quhwfy b`cy dy skUl ivc pMjwbI lwgU kIqI jw skdI hY[ pr swfy vwsqy ieh is`DI swdI g`l AVcn bx jWdI hY ikauNik pMjwbI mwipAW ny skUl nwl sMbMDq Awpxy b`icAW dIAW loVW nMU Ajy cMgI qrHW smJxw SurU nhIN kIqw[

ies sMbMD ivc AwauNdI dUjI AVcn ies nIqI ivc PrWsIsI nMU id`qy ivSyS sQwn kwrn pYdw huMdI hY[ nvIN pwilsI Anuswr siQqI ieh hY ik bI. sI. dy hr skUl ivc pMjvIN qoN lY ky AwTvIN q`k dUjI BwSw dy qOr ’qy PrWsIsI pVHweI jwvygI[ Aqy jy qusIN cwhvo ik quhwfw b`cw pMjvIN qoN lY ky A`TvIN q`k pMjwbI pVHy qW aus skUl iv`c jW qW PrWsIsI dI QW pMjwbI l`gygI qy jW Pyr PrWsIsI vI rhygI Aqy ausdy nwl pMjwbI vI dUjI BwSw dy qOr ’qy lweI jwvygI[ mslw ieh hY: ikauNik hr b`cy nMU ienHW jmwqW dOrwn AMgRyzI qoN ielwvw iek hor dUjI BwSw pVHnI hI pYxI hY ies krky jy iksy skUl ivc isrP pMjwbI hI dUjI BwSw dy qOr ’qy lwgU kIqI geI hovy qW aus skUl dy swry b`cy pMjwbI hI pVHngy[ dUijAW b`icAW nMU pMjwbI pVHn vwsqy p®yrnw Swied eynw suKwlw jW sMBv nw hovy[ so ies krky pMjvIN qoN A`TvIN q`k pMjwbI nUM iksy skUl ivc lwgU krvw skxw Awpxy Awp ivc iek inhwieq hI muSkl kMm hY[ pMjvIN qoN lwgUvIN q`k pMjwbI jmwqW dw cwlU hoxw ij`Qy iek AOKw kMm hY au~Qy ies dI mh`qqw vI aunI hI izAwdw hY[ gryf nON qoN igAwrW q`k ielYkitv kors hox kwrn ij`Qy jmwq SurU krnI suKwlI hY au~Qy aunI hI AwswnI nwl ies nMU htwieAw jw skdw hY[ brnbI Aqy ircmMf ies qrHW ho vI cu`kw hY[ pr ies qoN ault pMjvIN qoN A`TvI q`k jy iksy skUl ivc pMjwbI SurU ho jWdI hY qW ausnMU htwauxw eynw suKwlw nhIN hovygw[

pMjvIN qoN pMjwbI nMU lwgU krvwaux ivc AwauNdIAW rukwvtW ivc ieh g`l vI vwDw krdI hY ik iek qW PrWsIsI knyfw dI dUjI BwSw hox kwrn kwPI lokW leI b`icAW nMu pVHwaux vjoN iK`c r`KdI hY[ dUjw bI sI dI srkwr nMU PrWsIsI dI pVHweI bdly kyNdrI srkwr koloN kwPI mwiek shwieqw imldI hY ikauNik knyfw dy sMivDwn ivc PrWsIsI pVHwey jwx dw h`k iliKAw hoieAw hY[ nwl hI bI sI ivc PrWsIsI mwpy, BwvyN QoVHI igxqI ivc hn, sB nwloN izAwdw jQybMd hn[ eysy qrHW bI sI dy skUlW ivc pVHwaux vwly AiDAwpkW ivc PrWsIsI AiDAwpkW dI v`fI igxqI hY jo AwpxIAW nOkrIAW kwiem r`Kx vwsqy PrWsIsI dI pVHweI zwrI r`Kx leI AwpxI pUrI vwh lwaux nUM iqAwr hn[ dUjy pwsy ieh vI koeI nhIN cwhuMdw ik PrWsIsI bolI dy iKlwP iksy iksm dI pbilk puzISn leI jwvy[ so sB kuJ iml ky pMjwbI bolI dI pVHweI lwgU krwaux A`gy PrWsIsI iek mslw bx ky au~BrdI hY ijs bwry kimaUintI v`loN koeI Aijhw rwh l`Bx dI loV hY jo skUlW ivc PrWsIsI dy ivroD ivc vI nw jwvy Aqy pMjwbI bolI dI pVHweI dy rwh ivc koeI muSkl vI nw bxy[

ienHW muSklW dy nwl nwl skUl qy skUl borfW v`loN hor vI keI iksm dIAW sm`isAwvW KVIAW kIqIAW jw rhIAW hn jw kIqIAW jw skdIAW hn[ iek mslw nIqI nMU Awpxy qrIky nwl ibAwn krn dw hY[ kuJ skUl ieh kih ky g`l twl dyxI cwhMudy hn ik pwilsI dw mqlb hY ik aunHW ividAwrQIAW nUM hI nvIN bolI pVHweI jwxI hY jo pihlW ies qoN au~kw hI vwkP nw hox[ AijhI siQqI ivc pMjwbI ipCokV vwly ividAwrQI pMjwbI dI pVHweI qoN vWJy kr id`qy jwxgy Aqy swfy vwsqy swrw mksd hI Kqm ho ky rih jwvygw[ AijhIAW kuJ hor muSklW vI A`gy ilAWdIAW jWdIAW hn ijvyN ik pYsy nhIN hn, AiDAwpk nhIN hn, ikqwbW nhIN hn, kmry nhIN hn, ividAwrQIAW dI idlcspI nhIN hY, Awid[

au~pr ivcwrIAW bhuqIAW muSiklW dy h`l l`Bxy mukwblqn suKwly hn Aqy l`By jw skdy hn bSrqy ik pMjwbI mwpy Awpxy b`icAW nMU pMjwbI pVHwaux vwsqy bij`d hox[ pr ijvyN ik AsIN jwxdy hW ik Aijhw hY nhIN[ so sB qoN v`fI muSkl pMjwbI mwipAW vloN ies ivc idlcspI dI Gwt hY[ iehI kwrn hY ik bI sI dI nvIN BwSw nIqI nwl ijs iksm dIAW sMBwvnwvW pYdw hoeIAW sn aunHW qoN Ajy q`k loVINdw Pwiedw nhIN ilAw jw sikAw[ AsIN ieh vI jwxdy hW ik pMjwbI mwipAW ivc idlcspI dI Gwt dIAW jVHW swfy Awpxy GrW qoN dUr pqwl ivc hn[ ijvyN pihlW vI izkr kIqw jw cu`kw hY ik ies ip`Cy AnykW ieiqhwsk, Dwrimk, isAwsI qy AwriQk kwrn hn ijnHW ny iml ky pMjwbIAW dy mnW ivc aunHW dI AwpxI bolI p®iq phuMc nMU iek jwnlyvw bImwrI lw id`qI hY ijs dw Ajy q`k koeI shI ielwj h`Q nhIN AwieAw[ ies bImwrI qoN AsIN BlIBWq jwxU hW ik bhuq pihlW muslm